A lay epidemiological study on coexistent stress in hypertension: Its prevalence, risk factors, and implications in patients' lives
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Hypertension poses a global challenge in terms of morbidity and mortality. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension is over 40%. Management of hypertension targets blood pressure control to prevent disease complications. Though stress and hypertension are closely related, stress management is often overlooked in the treatment of hypertension.(1) To estimate the prevalence of stress in hypertensive patients and (2) to study the associated risk factors of stress and its implications in disease management.It was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study done in Western India for 1 year. Data were collected from 400 hypertensive patients attending the selected health institutions using a pretested questionnaire. Chi-square tests were done using Medcalc 10.4.8.0.The prevalence of stress in hypertensive patients was found to be 84.3%. Only 2.4% of these patients sought help from any health professional for stress. The most common stressors found in the patients were financial dependence on others, living in rented house, having a daughter of marriageable age because of associated dowry, death of a loved one, sleep-related problem, and owing a debt among others. Significant statistical association (P < 0.05) of stress was observed with the type of family and socioeconomic status. A highly significant association (P < 0.001) of stress with religion and residential area (whether urban non-slum, slum, or rural) was observed. Stress in individuals leads to poorer compliance with treatment and blood pressure control.Coexistent stress should be diagnosed and managed in patients of hypertension for proper disease management and control.Keywords:
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This study investigated the relationships among family status (intact vs single parent), socioeconomic status, parent-child interaction, and children's adjustment in a disadvantaged “Coloured” community in South Africa. Data were collected from 48 mothers, including 12 married mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 single mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 married mothers of low socioeconomic status, and 12 single mothers of low socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status, single mothers rated their children as significantly less adjusted than mothers in the other three groups. These and other findings suggest the importance of taking both family status and socioeconomic status into account. While the findings of this study are not conclusive, they could have implications for the “Coloured” community of South Africa and similar groups.
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This chapter contains section titled: A person's response to crisis The biological response to stressors Coping abilities as buffers against stressors Cognitive and emotional responses as buffers against stressors Social support as a buffer against stressors Positive attitude as a buffer against stressors Individual differences as buffers against stressors The person's behavioural response to crisis Help seeking Behaviour-Contact with the caring services Stressor resolved Stressor Unresolved-Crisis Summary
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We investigated the independent and interactive effects of subjective socioeconomic status and objective socioeconomic status on physical health, mental health, and well-being. We collected questionnaires from 276 adults in China. Results showed that subjective socioeconomic status and objective socioeconomic status were positively related to mental health, physical health, and well-being. In addition, there was an interactive effect of subjective socioeconomic status and objective socioeconomic status on well-being. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic status affects health and well-being and suggest that we should begin to improve peopleâ–™s well-being by looking at individual socioeconomic status.
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This paper reviews the evidence on the well-known positive association between socioeconomic status and health. We focus on four dimensions of socioeconomic status -- education, financial resources, rank, and race and ethnicity -- paying particular attention to how the mechanisms linking health to each of these dimensions diverge and coincide. The extent to which socioeconomic advantage causes good health varies, both across these four dimensions and across the phases of the lifecycle. Circumstances in early life play a crucial role in determining the co-evolution of socioeconomic status and health throughout adulthood. In adulthood, a considerable part of the association runs from health to socioeconomic status, at least in the case of wealth. The diversity of pathways casts doubt upon theories that treat socioeconomic status as a unified concept.
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To assess physical activity and leisure time activities in relation to socioeconomic status.We have studied 1,078 boys and girls from 24 schools from areas of different geographical and socioeconomical status. Physical activity and leisure time activities were assessed by a questionnaire.We have observed that adolescents spend more time watching T.V. than doing physical activity (p = 0.0001). In general, boys prefer strong physical activity. Children from the lowest socioeconomic families did less physical activity than children from the highest socioeconomic families (p < or = 0.05). In girls, those with the lowest socioeconomic status spent the greatest amount of time watching T.V. (p = 0.0001).From our results, we deduce that we must improve physical activity habits in children, especially in those from the lowest socioeconomic families.
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Many studies of daily life have framed stressors as unpredictable disruptions. We tested age differences in whether individuals forecast upcoming stressors, whether individuals show anticipatory stress responses prior to stressors, and whether having previously forecasted any stressors moderates stressor exposure on negative affect. Adults (n = 237; age 25–65) completed surveys five times daily for 14 days on current negative affect, stressor exposure, and stressor forecasts. Older age was associated with slightly greater likelihood of reported stressors but unrelated to forecasted stressors. Following forecasted stressors, individuals were four times more likely to report a stressor had occurred; age did not moderate this effect. Even prior to stressors, current negative affect was significantly higher when individuals forecasted stressors compared to when no stressors were forecast. No support was found for forecasts buffering effects of stressors on negative affect and age did not moderate this interaction. Instead, the effects were additive. In an age-heterogeneous sample, individuals showed early and persistent affective responses in advance of stressors. Anticipatory stress responses may be a mechanism for chronic stress.
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The intent of this paper is to examine the current evidence that fathers of lower socioeconomic status are less involved with their children in areas such as childrearing, homework help, and supporting the family emotionally and financially. Other areas covered in this paper include the possible reasons and theories as to why low socioeconomic status tends to lead to low father involvement. The effects of low father involvement on the children is also discussed, and this concept is furthered in order to explain the cycle of socioeconomic status that these effects create. Possible solutions are derived using the current theories, the intent of which are to help solve this problematic cycle. This paper also includes extensions beyond the scope of low and middle socioeconomic status fathers to include high socioeconomic status fathers.
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Objective:To explore the correlativity between health and socioeconomic status among Chinese residents.Methods:Adopting multiple indicators for health and socioeconomic status in multivariate regressions using pooled data and panel data respectively,and comparing regression results.Results:Generally speaking,residents with higher socioeconomic status have better health.But the correlativity varies when different indicators for health and socioeconomic status are adopted.Conclusion:Socioeconomic status affects health through multiple channels.Therefore,quantitative analysis based on single indicator cannot fully reveal the mechanics between socioeconomic status and health.
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Utilized two psychologists as actors in making four videotapes to depict background information and verbal modes of communication for alcoholics according to black-white race differences and high-low socioeconomic status. Forty graduate psychology students (10 per group) then were shown randomly one of the four recordings and asked to make a diagnosis. A significant difference was found for the effects of race, socioeconomic status, and race X socioeconomic status interaction on the correct diagnosis of alcoholism. Results were interpreted as suggesting that a clinician's personal biases and/or prejudices might extend into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of clients.
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