Public Infrastructures, Public Consumption, and Welfare in a New-Open-Economy-Macro Model
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This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy.Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.This paper focuses on the trade-off faced by governments in deciding the allocation of public expenditures between productivity-enhancing public infrastructures and utility-enhancing public consumption.From the modeling point of view, the paper augments a standard New Open Economy Macroeconomics (NOEM) model by introducing productive public infrastructures.The results show that a temporary increase in the domestic stock of public capital financed by a reduction in public consumption reduces domestic welfare in the short run because the temporary gains from higher productivity do not compensate domestic residents for the utility loss due to lower public consumption.If the policy shift is permanent domestic utility is likely to increase, while foreign residents suffer short-run welfare losses but benefit from welfare gains in the long run.This analysis implies that a permanent domestic reallocation of public spending might result in a virtuous global technological cycle.Keywords:
Public capital
Consumption
Small open economy
Can there be a radiology productivity system that enlists the eager support of technologists and is endorsed by management? Can there be a productivity system that involves 10-15 minutes of time per day to manage and produces meaningful results? Can there be a productivity system that is run by employees? The following article describes a productivity system implemented at Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital that answers these questions in the affirmative.
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Some concepts,such as productivity and productive forces,etc.,have been used mistakenly or inappropriately for a very long time.Through the study on a large number of literature,the paper has made the concepts easy to misunderstand very clear,which include productive forces and productivity,productive forces and productiveness of labor,productiveness of labor and labor productivity,and has analyzed the causes behind it.Finally,the paper has also carried on a probe into the developing orientation of productivity theory and practice in the future.
Productive forces
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nNow a days construction labour productivity plays very important role in all projects. Labour productivity effects on contractor, sub-contractor and owner also. There are number of factors affecting labour productivity on any construction sites. So in this project we have suggested number of practical solutions to increase labour productivity. Questionnaires survey was conducted for top ranked important factors which are affecting labour productivity and experts solutions were collected from the survey to improve labour productivity on site. First of all, on site labour productivity is calculated; at the same time factors affecting labour productivity are identified. We found some practical solutions and these were implemented on site to improve labour productivity. After implementation of solutions, it was observed that, labour productivity is increased. Then we carried out comparative study of before and after labour productivity.
Multifactor productivity
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The Survey of Living Conditions (SLC) is an annual household survey that is used to monitor poverty and identify vulnerable groups in Jamaica. Welfare of households is measured by per capita household consumption expenditures, which is justified on both theoretical and practical grounds. However this welfare measure ignores the consumption of leisure, and if the poor work longer hours in order to achieve the same level of goods consumption, then consumption based measures of welfare will overstate the welfare of the poor, and understate the welfare of the rich. This paper estimates leisure consump tion from the 1993 SLC to see if female-headed households (FHHs), a vulner able group in Jamaican society, are 'time poor'. The results indicate that the consumption based measure of welfare used in the SLC does not bias the estimated welfare of FHHs relative to their male counterparts. There is virtu ally no change in two commonly used poverty indexes (the headcount and the poverty gap) for FHHs when leisure is included in total consumption.
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The Survey of Living Conditions (SLC) is an annual household survey that is used to monitor poverty and identify vulnerable groups in Jamaica. Welfare of households is measured by per capita household consumption expenditures, which is justified on both theoretical and practical grounds. However this welfare measure ignores the consumption of leisure, and if the poor work longer hours in order to achieve the same level of goods consumption, then consumption based measures of welfare will overstate the welfare of the poor, and understate the welfare of the rich. This paper estimates leisure consump tion from the 1993 SLC to see if female-headed households (FHHs), a vulner able group in Jamaican society, are 'time poor'. The results indicate that the consumption based measure of welfare used in the SLC does not bias the estimated welfare of FHHs relative to their male counterparts. There is virtu ally no change in two commonly used poverty indexes (the headcount and the poverty gap) for FHHs when leisure is included in total consumption.
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productivity of labour is the rate of output to input.How to define output and input will make direct labour productivity,total labour productivity,value added productivity of labour.This article discuss how to measure total labour input and compare these productivity of labour.
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Productivity assessment is a prerequisite for improving productivity. Productivity is generally defined as the ratio of units of outputs to units of inputs. Multiple factors should be measured if we what calculate the productivity of operation theatre depend on the performance of both operation theatre itself and the teamwork. Overall, the productivity measurement is an important means to an end. It provides valuable information on how an operation theatre is performing, where it would like to be, and how it can achieve its goals. Productivity measures are only useful if they reflect the goals and objectives of the operation theatre and used to bring about action and productivity improvements.
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To discuss how productivity in education might be improved, we must first measure where it stands. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports productivity statistics for private sector industries, but not for education, leaving various researchers to attempt such calculations using various inputs and outputs. This article explores existing productivity measures in the private sector, and how these might be applied to education. It then uses examples of possible education productivity measures for the United States to explore education productivity trends over time and possible explanations for these trends. Across alternative measures, productivity in K-12 education has fallen for four decades.
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