Sedentary Behavior in 6-10 Year Old Children and Associations to Portable Device Use and Parental Influence
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In recent years, portable screen-based devices such as internet-connected cellular telephones (i.e., smartphones) and portable tablet computers (i.e., tablets) have increased in availability. Prior research has indicated that the use of such devices may be associated with sedentary behavior and physical activity. While such relationships have been assessed in adults and/or evaluated other types of screen-time, the relationship between portable device use and physical activity and sedentary behavior remains untested in young children. PURPOSE: To examine screen-based media device (smartphone, tablet, television, video games, computer) use in children and their parents in relation to sedentary behavior and physical activity. METHODS: Parents (N = 40) completed validated questionnaires assessing average daily total screen use (smartphone, tablet, television, video games, computer), portable screed-based device use (smartphone, tablet), sedentary behavior, and physical activity for themselves and their children (N = 40, 8.7 ± 1.3 years old). Four standard regression models were used to assess the relationship between criterion variables and the following predictor variables: child age, child sex, child average daily sedentary time, and child physical activity. Criterion variables included (a) child portable device use (Model 1), (b) child total screen use (Model 2), (c) parent portable device use (Model 3), and (d) parent total screen use (Model 4). RESULTS: Child sedentary time was significantly (β = 0.47, t = 3.30, p = 0.002) and positively associated with child portable device use. Child sedentary time was also significantly (β = 0.45, t = 2.91, p = 0.006) and positively associated with parent total screen use. Child age and physical activity were not significantly (p > 0.05) related to either parent or child portable or total device use. CONCLUSION: As found in similar studies examining young adults, child sedentary behavior was related to portable device use while physical activity was not. This suggests that children who are heavy users of portable screen-based devices allocate more time to sitting than their peers who are lower portable screen users. Furthermore, results also suggest that total screen use in parents was predictive of sitting in their children.Keywords:
Screen Time
Sedentary Behavior
Activity monitor
Sedentary lifestyle
Previous studies from our research group have examined the potential link between portable screen-based devices (i.e., smartphones and tablet computers) and sedentary behavior/physical activity in a primarily suburban population of young children and their parents. It was determined child sedentary behavior was related to portable screen-based device use while physical activity was not. While such relationships were found in a suburban population, rural demographic groups have been shown to differ in both their screen-based device use and physical activity variables suggesting the corresponding associations may also differ. PURPOSE: To examine screen-based media device (smartphone, tablet, television, video games, computer) use in children and parents from a rural population in relation to sedentary behavior and physical activity. METHODS: Parents (N = 7, 33.57 ± 3.95 years old) completed validated questionnaires assessing average daily total screen use (smartphone, tablet, television, video games, computer), portable screen-based device use (smartphone, tablet), sedentary behavior, and physical activity for both themselves and their children (N = 7, 7.00 ± 1.15 years old). Four standard regression models were used to assess the relationship between criterion variables and the following predictor variables: child age, child sex, child average daily sedentary time, and child physical activity. Criterion variables included (a) child portable screen-based device use (Model 1), (b) child total screen use (Model 2), (c) parent portable screen-based device use (Model 3), and (d) parent total screen use (Model 4). RESULTS: Child sedentary time was significantly (β = 0.92, t = 4.65, p = 0.04) and positively associated with parent screen-based device use. Child age, sex, and physical activity were not significantly (p > 0.05) related to either parent or child portable or total device use. CONCLUSION: Contrary to findings in young children from suburban populations, the current results from this limited sample suggest child sedentary behavior was not found to be related to portable screen-based device use in rural children. Furthermore, the data confirms previous findings that parental screen-based device use was predictive of sitting in their children.
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Sedentary Behavior
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Physical activity and sedentary behavior (performed primarily while sitting) play a key role in the current and future health of young people. Most health evidence and intervention strategies targeting reductions in children’s sedentary behavior have focused on television viewing, with mixed evidence as to the effectiveness of these strategies and of the importance of television viewing for children’s health. Evidence from studies with adults using objective measures of sedentary behavior suggests that accumulated sedentary time is independently associated with metabolic health; importantly, emerging evidence suggests that the manner in which the sedentary behavior is accrued (ie, frequency of interruptions to time spent sedentary) may also have independent effects on health. Potential novel intervention approaches to reduce children’s sedentary time include activity breaks during class time at school, delivery of active lessons and homework, and changes to the classroom environment. Further evidence of the importance of sedentary time (both total accumulation and frequency of interruptions) on children’s health is required. Future studies should assess the effectiveness of interventions targeting organizational and pedagogical changes in schools as well as using homework to engage with families in more active ways.
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The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the usage of screen-based media devices by children and their parents and its influence on sedentary behavior and physical activity. A cohort of 43 parents with typically developing children aged 8 to 12 years was selected for the study, utilizing convenience sampling methods through social media platforms across Central Macedonia, Greece. Parents filled out a survey regarding their children and themselves, assessing daily portable device use, sedentary behavior, and physical activity. Two standard regression models were employed to examine how criterion variables (child portable device use in Model 1 and parent portable device use in Model 2) related to predictor variables: child age, child sex, child daily sedentary time, and child physical activity. The findings revealed a significant and positive association between child sedentary time and child portable device use. Similar, child sedentary time exhibited a significant and positive association with parent portable device use. Child age, sex, and physical activity did not show a significant relationship with either parent or child portable device use. In summary, there is a clear connection between child sedentary behavior and portable device use, whereas physical activity does not exhibit a significant relationship. This implies that young children who extensively use portable devices may be susceptible to adopting a sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, results suggest a potential correlation between adults’ portable device use and sedentary habits, which may be reflected in similar behavior in their children.
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Regular physical activity has been recommended for decades because of the notable health benefits, while the potential negative consequences of sedentary activity are only beginning to be understood. This disconnect may be due in part to early assumptions that physical activity and sedentary activity were inversely related, such that regular engagement in physical activity was incompatible with high amounts of sedentary activity. More recent evidence suggests that physical activity and sedentary activity are distinct, and that excessive sedentary activity may be detrimental to health and well-being. Despite the known health benefits, worldwide participation in regular physical activity is low. High rates of sedentary activity are also prevalent, particularly in developed countries. Common theories for understanding physical and sedentary activity are articulated, as well as effective interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary activity. Technological approaches offer a novel and potentially more sustainable approach to intervening on physical and sedentary activity. Measuring physical and sedentary activity presents unique challenges, which are being addressed in part by the use of technology.
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EPSTEIN, L.H., and J.N. ROEMMICH. Reducing sedentary behavior: role in modifying physical activity. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., Vol. 29, No. 3, pp 103–108, 2001. Decreased physical activity is associated with the increased incidence of obesity. Behavioral economic research demonstrates that reducing sedentary behaviors in children increases physical activity. Understanding how people choose physical or sedentary activities can aid in developing public health initiatives that increase access to physical activity, while reducing access to sedentary behaviors.
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The accuracy of physical activity (PA) monitors to discriminate between PA, sedentary behavior, and nonwear in extremely obese (EO) adolescents is unknown.Twenty-five subjects (9 male/16 female; age = 16.5 ± 2.0 y; BMI = 51 ± 8 kg/m2) wore 3 activity monitors (StepWatch [SAM], Actical [AC], Actiheart [AH]) during a 400-m walk test (400MWT), 2 standardized PA bouts of varying duration, and 1 sedentary bout.For the 400MWT, percent error between observed and monitor-recorded steps was 5.5 ± 7.1% and 82.1 ± 38.6% for the SAM and AC steps, respectively (observed vs. SAM steps: -17.2 ± 22.2 steps; observed vs. AC steps: -264.5 ± 124.8 steps). All activity monitors were able to differentiate between PA and sedentary bouts, but only SAM steps and AH heart rate were significantly different between sedentary behavior and nonwear (P < .001). For all monitors, sedentary behavior was characterized by bouts of zero steps/counts punctuated by intermittent activity steps/counts; nonwear was represented almost exclusively by zero steps/counts.Of all monitors tested, the SAM was most accurate in terms of counting steps and differentiating levels of PA and thus, most appropriate for EO adolescents. The ability to accurately characterize PA intensity in EO adolescents critically depends on activity monitor selection.
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This brief research note examined the reliability of scores from an accelerometer as measures of sedentary and physical activity behaviors in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The analysis was performed on a combined data set from 2 previous longitudinal investigations of physical activity in MS. We focused on the number of days required to reliably estimate sedentary behavior, based on time spent in sedentary behavior per day and number of sedentary breaks, number of long sedentary bouts, and average length of sedentary bouts per day. We further examined the number of days required to reliably estimate physical activity behavior, based on time spent in light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and average length of activity bouts per day. Between 4–6 days of monitoring and 3–7 days of monitoring were necessary for good reliability of scores from all sedentary outcomes and physical activity outcomes, respectively. These results should guide research and practice examining sedentary and physical activity behaviors using accelerometry in persons with MS.
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This thesis studied technology’s role in promoting and supporting active lifestyles through behavioural strategies to reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity. The five studies included (1) development of a self-report instrument quantifying daily sedentary behaviour and light-intensity physical activity; (2) establishment of instrument validity and reliability; (3) use of an online personal activity monitor to successfully reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity; (4) identification of positive differences in total wellness as related to high/low levels of sitting time combined with insufficient/sufficient physical activity; and (5) improvement of total wellness through positive changes in sedentary behaviour and physical activity.
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Previous research suggests that reducing sedentary screen behaviors may be a strategy for preventing and treating obesity in children. This systematic review describes strategies used in interventions designed to either solely target sedentary screen behaviors or multiple health behaviors, including sedentary screen behaviors. Eighteen studies were included in this paper; eight targeting sedentary screen behaviors only, and ten targeting multiple health behaviors. All studies used behavior modification strategies for reducing sedentary screen behaviors in children (aged 1-12 years). Nine studies only used behavior modification strategies, and nine studies supplemented behavior modification strategies with an electronic device to enhance sedentary screen behaviors reductions. Many interventions (50%) significantly reduced sedentary screen behaviors; however the magnitude of the significant reductions varied greatly (-0.44 to -3.1 h/day) and may have been influenced by the primary focus of the intervention, number of behavior modification strategies used, and other tools used to limit sedentary screen behaviors.
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