A Study on the Strategy of Three Coastal States Surrounding the Strait of Malacca: From the View Point of Weak State’s Foreign Policy
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Abstract : This thesis considers the Straits of Malacca and singapore and the abilities of the littoral states to control the use of this navigational choke point during a crisis situation. Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia have drastically improved the capabilities of their militaries in the past ten years. Together, they can deny the use of this key naval transit corridor to other navies. The region is considered from a historical and current perspective and the force build-up and capabilities are examined. The US and Soviet interests, In the region are also considered. Conclusions are reached concerning the strategic value of the region and future US considerations. Keywords: Area denial; Strait of Malacca; Strait of Singapore; Southeast Asia.
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This article examines the seabed boundary agreement between Malaysia and Indonesia in the Straits of Malacca. Malaysia and Indonesia signed seabed treaties in 1969 covering part of the Straits of Malacca, the eastern side of the Peninsular Malaysia and off Tg Datu in Sarawak. There was also an agreement on the territorial sea in a narrow section in the Strait of Malacca in 1970. The signing of these treaties was made possible because of excellent political relations between Malaysia and Indonesia following the Konfrontasi episode (1963–1965). For Indonesia, the treaties were important to pave the way to become an archipelagic state as required under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Malaysia was willing to facilitate Indonesia's quest for an archipelagic state on the understanding that the agreed seabed boundary in the Strait of Malacca, as well as the boundary on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula and the section that starts at Tg Datu, Sarawak, would be a single maritime boundary. However, soon after UNCLOS came into force in 1996 and Indonesia had secured the archipelagic state status, the Government of Indonesia stated its intention to open discussions with a reluctant Malaysia for a new boundary on the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Strait of Malacca and off Tg Datu. The negotiations are ongoing.
Archipelagic state
Maritime boundary
Malay peninsula
Exclusive economic zone
Territorial waters
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Maritime Security
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How has Japan secured Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC)? This paper deals with this rarely discussed subject by focusing on the dispute over the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (the M-S Straits) in the 1970s. In this period, Japan was forced to make a move toward securing free passage of Japan's Very Large Crude Oil Carriers (VLCC) through bargaining because of strong assertion of sovereignty over the M-S Straits by some coastal states. Through this study, this paper reveals both the fact of Japan's failure in the bargaining and its two reasons: the lack of effective diplomatic policies for altering its dependent position in issue- specific asymmetric interdependence and unskilled management of the bargaining process, resulting from underestimation of the coastal states' assertion of sovereignty, by Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Learning from past failure is important to finding useful solutions to the many challenges for securing the SLOC ahead.
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This paper presents an overview of the strategic and security issues surrounding the Straits of Malacca. It begins by introducing the strategic nature of the Straits of Malacca and piracy threat in the busy sea lane. Subsequently this paper discusses the issues and interests of the emerging powers in the Straits of Malacca historically. This covers the Asia’s emerging powers such as India, Japan and China. Then, the position of the three littoral states of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore towards the issue of piracy in the Straits of Malacca is touched upon before analyzing the littoral states’ position on external powers’ involvement in the Straits of Malacca. This is paper also briefly discusses the individual littoral states’ interests in the vital sea lane.
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<p>Malacca Strait, as one of the strategic straits in world trade, often face various non-traditional security threats. In accordance with United Nations Convention on the Law of The Sea (UNCLOS), littoral states such as Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia are obligated to maintain the security in Malacca Straits, to ensure that world trades and world economic are not disrupted. This study analyzes how the Malacca straits patrol (MSP) framework is formed by littoral states in order to maintain the security stability in Malacca Strait. The authors employ qualitative method through literature study. The obtained data were analyzed using the theory of defense cooperation and concept of defense diplomacy. The results of the study conclude that MSP, which is consisted of the Malacca Straits Sea Patrol (MSSP), "Eyes-in-the-Sky" Combined Maritime Air Patrols (EiS), and the MSP Intelligence Exchange Group (IEG), is classified as a defense diplomacy activity in the form of multilateral contacts between military officials and multilateral military exercises aimed at increasing mutual trust and defense capabilities of each country.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Malacca Strait, Malacca Straits Patrol Framework, Threat, Defense Cooperation, Defense Diplomacy</p>
Maritime Security
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Exclusive economic zone
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China and Iran have the ancient gate of Maritime Silk Road, as well as two new superhighways within this road, namely Strait of Hormuz and Malacca Strait. Unlike the Strait of Hormuz, maritime security in the Malacca Strait needs to be redesigned and re-established by littoral states for the safe corridor. The aim of this study is to find out the new concept and classification of maritime security, namely direct and indirect insecurity elements. This study illustrates that the most remarkable direct and indirect elements are respectively piracy, armed robbery, and external state presence. It is acknowledged that the continuous and dangerous presence of an external state is the indirect insecurity element. In the light of the USA's violation and destabilizing activities in the Persian Gulf and the South China Sea, its presence and passage are considered as noninnocent activities, as these are prejudicial to the good order, peace and security of states located along the coast. Therefore, a new doctrine called the "Doctrine of No Sheriff" is offered in this article to possibly prevent the uprising of hegemonies in every region in the future.
Maritime Security
China sea
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)%%%%The global climate is creating more ice-free waters in the Arctic. These new navigation possibilities around the Arctic lead to increased global trade, tourism, and oil and gas exploration. With the foreseeable increased nautical transportation through the Northwest Passage, the United States needs to revisit its security posture in and around the Bering Strait. At least five different grand strategies are potentially relevant in addressing this question. By comparing the suggestions of these leading grand strategy approaches to what has actually been implemented by the United States in the Strait of Hormuz, the Strait of Malacca, and the Panama Canal, similarities emerge that can help the United States shape their strategy for the defending of its national interests in the Bering Strait. By testing the different grand strategies against three reasonably similar cases, I find that a forward military presence and supporting a liberal institutionalist approach are the two key aspects that the United States should employ in the Bering Strait. Increasing and improving the military presence that the United States has in the region should be a top priority. In addition, supporting the Arctic Council would provide an increased level of security to the United States and other nations in the region. This strategy is not without its challenges and it will require artful statecraft in order to be successful.
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With the anticipated beginning of regular navigation along the Northern Sea Route and through the Northwest Passage in the Arctic regions, the United States will itself become a with the challenges and responsibilities associated with this status. The Bering Strait certainly appears to be an Article 37 Strait used international navigation, but it is somewhat unique because it contains two separate straits, each within a single country, one strait between the Russian mainland and Russia's Big Diomede Island and another strait between the Alaska mainland and the United States' Little Diomede Island. Article 26 of the Law of the Sea Convention is entitled Charges Which May Be Levied Upon Foreign Ships, and its paragraph 2 indicates that a coastal state can charge ships passing through its territorial sea for specific services rendered to the ship. Keywords: Bering Strait; Binding Customary International Law; Canadian; international navigation; marine environment
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