Simulation study on the influence of urban underground parking development on underlying surface and urban local thermal environment
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Most CA urban models assume densities to be uniform for all cells.This is not true in real cities because densities substantially vary from cities to cities and from urban centres to periphery areas.Development density which affects urban form is an important factor in urban planning.This paper presents a CA model that incorporates density gradient for the simulation of urban development of different urban forms.Development density is obtained from density decay functions and assigned to the when they are converted into developed ones according to CA transition rules.The model which is based on the concept of grey cells can be used as a planning model to explore various combinations of urban forms and development densities.This paper also evaluates and compares the development patterns generated by different density gradients.It is found that development scenarios with high-density development can significantly reduce the encroachment on agricultural land and other important environmentally sensitive areas.
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This article presents the principle of thermal comfort, the meaning of predicted mean vote,the comfort conditions and presents the study of thermal comfort in Thailand. Thermal comfortdepends on six quantitative variables: air temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity, meanradiant temperature, human activity and clothing insulation. Thermal comfort also depends onsome qualitative variables: acclimatization to a particular climate, sex, education. Thai peopleacclimatize to hot and humid climate so Thai people can tolerate to higher air temperature thanthe air temperature recommended from ASHRAE. It is hoped that readers can adapt the principleof thermal comfort for energy saving in air-conditioned space.
ASHRAE 90.1
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Commercially available relative humidity sensors were evaluated when: 1) placed in chemically controlled relative humidity environments, 2) buried in stored corn with moisture contents in the range 10% to 26% db (40% to 95% equilibrium relative humidity), and 3) placed in changing relative humidities controlled with an environmental control chamber. Responsive elements in these sensors were made of a hygroscopic material sensitive to water vapor in stagnant environments. Observations were made over about a two-year period. The sensors were successfully used to determine moisture content of stored corn by measuring equilibrium relative humidity. Relative humidity indications were linearly related to corn moisture content. Sensors as calibrated at the factory gave very good indications of relative humidities over saturated solutions of LiC1 and K2SO4. However, sensors calibrated to operate in high relative humidity environments indicated a lower than theoretical relative humidity when exposed to the K2SO4 environment for only a short time. Many of the sensors, when moved from a low to a high relative humidity, approached equilibrium with the high relative humidity environment in a stair-step fashion. Equilibrium when sensors were moved from a high to a low relative humidity environment was approached more smoothly.
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- Thermal comfort calculated using ISO 7730 has been questioned and responded by more adaptive thermal comfort methods. This study was therefore conducted to assess the acceptable thermal comfort for the local people in the tropical Aceh using the measurement based on ISO 7730 and with adaptive thermal comfort method by questionnaires. In this research, Aceh Tsunami Museum building, located in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, was in an open designed layout to be assessed as a case study. This study was conducted onsite using mechanical equipment and involving 138 respondents. The result shows that the comfort temperature calculated by mechanical equipment based on ISO 7730 is 23.14 0 C. This is in contrast with the result of the questionnaires that showed people in an open building design rate the air temperature up to 32 0 C as slightly cool. This condition is influenced by the mean air speed of 2.34 m/s and the mean relative humidity of 66.25%. This finding agrees that obtaining the comfort air temperature especially in tropics merely from the prediction of comfort index in ISO 7730 is inaccurate since the respondents actually could adapt with the higher air temperature. Keywords : Adaptive thermal comfort; Tropics; Aceh Tsunami Museum
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Fanger's PMV equation is the result of the combined quantitative effects of the air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative air velocity, humidity, activity level and clothing insulation.This paper contains a comparison of suit dresses and summer clothes in terms of thermal comfort, Fanger's PMV equation. Studies were processed in the winter for an office, which locates in Ankara, Turkey. The office was partitioned to fifty square cells. Humidity, relative air velocity, air temperature and mean radiant temperature were measured on the centre points of these cells. Thermal comfort analyses were processed for suit dressing (Icl = 1 clo) and summer clothing (Icl = 0.5 clo).Discomfort/comfort in an environment for different clothing types can be seen in this study. The relationship between indoor thermal comfort distribution and clothing type was discussed. Graphics about thermal comfort were sketched according to cells.Conclusions about the thermal comfort of occupants were given by PMV graphics.
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Most cellular automata (CA) urban models assume densities to be uniform for all cells. This is not true in real cities because densities vary substantially from city to city and from urban center to periphery areas. Development density, which affects urban form, is an important factor in urban planning. The authors present a CA model that incorporates density gradient in the simulation of urban development for different urban forms. Development density is obtained from density-decay functions and assigned to the cells when they are converted into developed cells according to CA transition rules. The model, which is based on the concept of ‘grey cells’, can be used as a planning model to explore various combinations of urban forms and development densities. The authors also evaluate and compare the development patterns generated by different density gradients. It is found that development scenarios with high-density development can significantly reduce encroachment on agricultural land and other important environmentally sensitive areas.
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For better understanding the impact of forest vegetation shift on the beneath microclimate and its ecological effects,3～4-year old eucalyptus plantation(planted in 2008,08EU)and coniferous broadleaf mixed forest(MF)were selected.Microclimatic conditions including air temperature,soil temperature and air relative humidity inside the two stands were monitored for 1year.The results showed that:(1)no difference in mean daily air temperature,mean daily relative humidity or daily max relative humidity was observed between the two stands;(2)annual average of surface soil temperature,daily max air temperature,daily air temperature range and coefficient of air temperature variation in eucalyptus were 1.5℃,1.4℃,2.2℃ and 40% higher than that inside mixed forest,respectively,but daily minimum air temperature was 0.8℃ lower than that in MF.There was 6.7% decrease of annual minimum air relative humidity in 08EU comparing with that in MF,but 16.4% of daily air relative humidity range and 22.0% coefficient of air humidity variation in 08EU higher than that in MF,respectively;(3)the range of daily air temperature and relative humidity were significantly positively or negatively related to the mean or minimum daily value,respectively,but no significant relation with max value,the largest different of microclimate condition between 08EU with MF was observed in autumn and winter seasons;(4)minimum air temperature and minimum humidity appearance times in eucalyptus plantation were 51 and 45minutes earlier than that in mixed forest,respectively.The changes of microclimate conditions beneath eucalyptus plantation would increase the rates of soil water evaporation and organic matter decomposition.
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Abstract - Thermal comfort calculated using ISO 7730 has been questioned and responded by more adaptive thermal comfort methods. This study was therefore conducted to assess the acceptable thermal comfort for the local people in the tropical Aceh using the measurement based on ISO 7730 and with adaptive thermal comfort method by questionnaires. In this research, Aceh Tsunami Museum building, located in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, was in an open designed layout to be assessed as a case study. This study was conducted onsite using mechanical equipment and involving 138 respondents. The result shows that the comfort temperature calculated by mechanical equipment based on ISO 7730 is 23.140C. This is in contrast with the result of the questionnaires that showed people in an open building design rate the air temperature up to 320C as slightly cool. This condition is influenced by the mean air speed of 2.34 m/s and the mean relative humidity of 66.25%. This finding agrees that obtaining the comfort air temperature especially in tropics merely from the prediction of comfort index in ISO 7730 is inaccurate since the respondents actually could adapt with the higher air temperature. Keywords: Adaptive thermal comfort; Tropics; Aceh Tsunami Museum
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