UDP-glycosyltransferase genes and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
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UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) is an important biotransformation superfamily of enzymes. They catalyze the transfer of glycosyl residues from activated nucleotide sugars to acceptor hydrophobic molecules, and function in several physiological processes, including detoxification, olfaction, cuticle formation, pigmentation. The diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily of genes at whole genome level, and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance are still little known.The present study identified UGT genes in Anopheles sinensis genome, classified UGT genes in An. sinensis, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster genomes, and analysed the scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of An. sinensis UGT genes using bioinformatics methods. The present study also identified the UGTs associated with pyrethroid resistance using three field pyrethroid-resistant populations with RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, and the mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance with genome re-sequencing in An. sinensis.There are 30 putative UGTs in An. sinensis genome, which are classified into 12 families (UGT301, UGT302, UGT306, UGT308, UGT309, UGT310, UGT313, UGT314, UGT315, UGT36, UGT49, UGT50) and further into 23 sub-families. The UGT308 is significantly expanded in gene number compared with other families. A total of 119 UGTs from An. sinensis, An. gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Drosophila melanogaster genomes are classified into 19 families, of which seven are specific for three mosquito species and seven are specific for Drosophila melanogaster. The UGT308 and UGT302 are proposed to main families involved in pyrethroid resistance. The AsUGT308D3 is proposed to be the essential UGT gene for the participation in biotransformation in pyrethroid detoxification process, which is possibly regulated by eight SNPs in its 3' flanking region. The UGT302A3 is also associated with pyrethroid resistance, and four amino acid mutations in its coding sequences might enhance its catalytic activity and further result in higher insecticide resistance.This study provides the diversity, phylogenetics and evolution of UGT genes, and potential UGT members and mutations involved in pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis, and lays an important basis for the better understanding and further research on UGT function in defense against insecticide stress.Keywords:
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles sinensis
Anopheles gambiae
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Additional file 1. Orthologous genes in An. sinensis and An. gambiae.
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles sinensis
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"Quantitation of Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites Transmitted in Vitro by Experimentally Infected Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi" published on May 1991 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Anopheles stephensi
Anopheles gambiae
Plasmodium (life cycle)
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Objective To make a clear understanding of seasonal fluctuation and nocturnal activity patterns of Anopheles sinensis in different areas of Jiangsu province.Methods In 2011,13 townships were selected from each of the 13 cities in Jiangsu province as malaria vector monitoring sites,and indoor overnight capture of malaria vectors with human bait in the bed nets was used to survey the seasonal fluctuation and nocturnal activity patterns of Anopheles sinensis in each monitoring site.Results Totally 2 044 mosquitoes were captured from 13 monitoring sites,all the mosquitoes identified were Anopheles sinensis and no Anopheles anthropophagus was detected.The density peak of seasonal fluctuation of Anopheles sinensis was at second half of July,and there were no significant differences in number in the southern,middle and northern parts of this province(F=1.769,P=0.19).The nocturnal activity peak of Anopheles sinensis was 3 hours from 19:00 to 22:00,and 67.91% of the 1 388 Anopheles sinensis were captured in the 12 time intervals.Another small peak appeared from 5:00 to 6:00 and 184 Anopheles sinensis were captured,accounted for 9.00% of the mosquitoes captured in 12 time intervals,showing significant differences in number in three parts of the province(F=291.88,P=0.000).Conclusions Individual protection and monitoring be strengthened to avoid mosquito bite and reduce the transmission of malaria.
Anopheles sinensis
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Objective To identify the vector categories of malaria transmission and provide the evidence for strategy formulation of malaria prevention and control in Zhejiang province. Methods According to the genetic characteristics of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacers (ITS2), identification and comparison between the Anopheles caught from the spot in Zhejiang province and the samples of Anopheles anthropophagus, Anopheles yatsushiroensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles lesteri from the lab was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Amplication products from the Anopheles caught from the spot were all 250bp, which showed the identity with Anopheles sinensis from the lab. Conclusions The vector of malaria transmission found in Zhejiang province is Anopheles sinensis, with no finding of Anopheles anthropophagus from the spot.
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Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group are significant vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium species in the Afro-tropical region of the world. Molecular identification and variation in the wing were studied among female An. Gambiae complex and An. funestus group, to investigate morphological variations in the wing of local vectors populations of adult female mosquitoes found in five different locations in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State (Oba-Ile, Igoba, Isinigbo, Ita-Ogbolu and Iju). The variations in the wing character were found in the 3rd main dark spot area (Pre-apical dark spot-character 8) on the coastal region (Vein region I) of Anopheles gambiae complex wing; with two types (A and B) of wings identified with An. gambiae complex in the study area. Molecular study shows that all the wing type A are Anopheles gambiae s.s., they represent 53.39% of the total An. gambiae complex in the study area. Some of the Anopheles gambiae s.s. (28.30%) and all An. arabiensis (18.30%) were found with wing type B. Among 750 individual Anopheles mosquito species identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR method), 433 samples representing 57.73% were An. gambiae s.s. while 97 (12.93%) samples were An. arabiensis. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area. Anopheles leesoni mosquitoes identified in the study location were 182, representing 24.27% of the total Anopheles mosquito species identified using the molecular method. Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, and An. leesoni are only Anopheles mosquito species responsible for malaria transmission in the study area. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area.
Anopheles gambiae
Local government area
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Abstract Background When integrated with insecticide-treated bed nets, larval control of Anopheles mosquitoes could fast-track reductions in the incidence of human malaria. However, larval control interventions may deliver suboptimal outcomes where the preferred breeding places of mosquito vectors are not well known. This study investigated the breeding habitat choices of Anopheles mosquitoes in southern Nigeria. The objective was to identify priority sites for mosquito larval management in selected urban and periurban locations where malaria remains a public health burden. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected in urban and periurban water bodies during the wet-dry season interface in Edo, Delta, and Anambra States. Field-collected larvae were identified based on PCR gel-electrophoresis and amplicon sequencing, while the associations between Anopheles larvae and the properties and locations of water bodies were assessed using a range of statistical methods. Results Mosquito breeding sites were either man-made (72.09%) or natural (27.91%) and mostly drainages (48.84%) and puddles (25.58%). Anopheles larvae occurred in drainages, puddles, stream margins, and a concrete well, and were absent in drums, buckets, car tires, and a water-holding iron pan, all of which contained culicine larvae. Wild-caught Anopheles larvae comprised Anopheles coluzzii (80.51%) , Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (11.54%) , and Anopheles arabiensis (7.95%); a species-specific PCR confirmed the absence of the invasive urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi among field-collected larvae. Anopheles arabiensis, An. coluzzii, and An. gambiae s.s . displayed preferences for turbid, lowland, and partially sunlit water bodies, respectively. Furthermore, An. arabiensis preferred breeding sites located outside 500 m of households, whereas An . gambiae s.s. and An . coluzzii had increased detection odds in sites within 500 m of households. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An . coluzzii were also more likely to be present in natural water bodies; meanwhile, 96.77% of An. arabiensis were in man-made water bodies. Intraspecific genetic variations were little in the dominant vector An. coluzzii , while breeding habitat choices of populations made no statistically significant contributions to these variations. Conclusion Sibling malaria vectors in the An. gambiae complex display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding habitats in southern Nigeria. The findings are relevant for planning targeted larval control of An. coluzzii whose increasing evolutionary adaptations to urban ecologies are driving the proliferation of the mosquito, and An. arabiensis whose adults typically evade the effects of treated bed nets due to exophilic tendencies.
Anopheles gambiae
Anopheles stephensi
Parasitology
Entomology
Dry season
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This study was carried out between May and October, 2010 to morphologically identify Anopheles species in parts of Kano State. A total of 2374 Anopheles were collected and identified. 1782 (75.07%) were collected from Nassarawa Local Government Area while 592 (24.93%) were collected from Tarauni Local Government Area. Using Anopheles characters of Gilles and Coetzee (1987) under zeiss light microscope, 587 (24.75%) were Anopheles funestus, 1535 (64. 65%) were gambiae s.l. and 252 (10.60%) were An. maculipalpis. Nasssarawa Local Government had the higher of Anopheles identified. Anopheles gambiae s.l. ranked the highest among other species. Further molecular identification of sub-species complex of An. gambiae s.l and An. funestus is strongly recommended in the area.Keywords: Identification, malaria, vectors, anopheles, species.
Anopheles gambiae
Local government area
Identification
Species Identification
State government
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Anopheles gambiae
Plasmodium (life cycle)
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Anopheles gambiae
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