Tomato yield and water use efficiency change with various soil moisture and potassium levels during different growth stages
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Faced with the scarcity of water resource and irrational fertilizer use, it is highly important to supply plants with water and fertilizer at desiderated stages to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of growth stage-specific water deficiency and potassium (K) fertilization on tomato yield and WUE. The entire growing season of tomato was divided into 5 stages: vegetative growth stage (VG), flowering and fruit setting stage (FS), early fruit growth stage (FG), fruit development stage (FD) and fruit maturity stage (FM). Three soil moisture (W) and three K fertilization levels were set up. W levels included W1, W2 and W3, indicating that soil water was maintained at 60–70% field capacity, 70–80% field capacity, and 80–90% field capacity, respectively. K levels included K1, K2 and K3, indicating that 0 g K2O per kg soil, 0.46 g K2O per kg soil and 0.92 g K2O per kg soil was applied. All combinations of the three W and three K levels were solely imposed at each of the five growth stages, for other four stages, plants were watered to 80–90% field capacity without K fertilizer (W3K1). The permanent W3K1 over the entire growth stage was taken as control (CK). The results showed that W deficiency imposed at all stages significantly affected tomato yield (P<0.01), except for VG stage in which W deficiency did not cause yield loss. K fertilization level during FS or FM stage had a significant effect on yield (P<0.01). A significant interaction effect of W and K on yield was only observed during FM stage. For WUE, significant effect of W deficiency at FS, FD and FM stages were observed, and a significant effect of K levels at FS, FD and FM stages was observed. Specifically, K fertilization was necessary during specific growth stage of tomato (i.e. FS and FM). During FS stage, even if a sufficient water supply seems necessary, a deficit irrigation with K fertilization could be applied as K fertilization could alleviate the negative effect of soil water deficit, however, excess of K fertilization during FM stage should be avoided to maintain tomato yield and WUE.Keywords:
Water Use Efficiency
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Growing season
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Xianyu 335’was used as material in the experiment,the effect of different potash application methods on growth and development,nutrition absorption and yields of spring maize was studied in high yield demonstration zone of YuShu City.The results showed that the yield of the sixth treatment of potash fertilizer 90 kg/hm2,1/2 base fertilizer,1/2 elongation stage topdressing(1:1) was the highest.Applied potash fertilizer later could significantly improve the maize yield.Potash fertilizer agronomic efficiency,potash fertilizer use efficiency and potash fertilizer partial productivity declined with the increasing of potash ap plication rate.At the same amount of potash fertilizer,potash fertilizer use efficiency,potash fertilizer agro nomic efficiency and potash fertilizer partial productivity were improved by applied several times compared with one time.The sixth treatment of this experiment(basic fertilizer: elongation fertilizer of 1:1) was the best potash application method to balance production and environment.
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The analysis of soil quick-acting potash and slow-acting potash in Datong's seven counties and two districts shows that the average content of quick-acting potash in soil is 105.3mg/kg,slow-acting potash in soil is 714.6mg/kg.The soil in which the content of quick-acting potash is less than 100mg/kg is over 50%.Through years of experiments and demonstration,it shows that the application of potash fertilizer to crops liking potash such as potatoes,vegetables etc,has clear effect on increasing production and the rate of growth is 8%-20%.In this paper,some rational suggestions on the application of potash fertilizer in Datong area to the major potato yielding field are also advanced.
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Water limitation is the main challenge for crop production in a semi-arid environment. Deficit irrigation is a strategy that allows a crop to sustain some degree of water deficit in order to reduce costs and potentially increase income. For this goal, a field experimental carried out at Asrieh fields of Gorgan city in the north of Iran, during summer season 2011. The treatments imposed were different irrigation water regimes (i.e. W1:70, W2:80, W3:90 and W4:100) per cent of field capacity (FC). The results showed that there was Significant difference between the yield and (WUE) under different levels of irrigation, excepting of soil moisture content at field capacity (W4) and 90% of field capacity (W3) on yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The seasonal irrigation water applied were (i.e. 375, 338, 300 and 263 mm ha-1) under different irrigation water treatments (100, 90, 80, 80 and 70%) of FC, respectively. Grain yield productions under treatments were 4180, 3955, 3640, and 3355 (kg ha-1) respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that water use efficiency (WUE) at different treatments were 7.67, 7.79, 7.74 and 7.75 Kg mm ha-1 for (100, 90, 80 and 70) per cent of field capacity, therefore the 90 % of FC treatment (W3) is recommended for Soybean irrigation for water saving. Furthermore, the result showed that the treatment of 90 % of filed capacity (W3) seemed to be better adapted to product a high crop yield with acceptable yield coupling with water use efficiency in Golestan province.
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The experiment show that, on the basis of the application of phosphate fertilizer, the mixture of nitrogenous and potash fertilizers may apparently increase the output and thus gets the best benefit. The application of potash fertilizer may enhance disease resistance of Chinese cabbage and improve the commodity rate.
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Through potash fertilizer experiment,it was showed that though the soil in Qinghai is full of potash,but it is not enough for the growth of the belts crop field of maize.So in order to have a good harvest,it is necessary to increase application potash.And the optimum application potash volume was 300kg·ha-1.
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