Banana midrib as substitute for pulp production
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Abstract:
Short cooking time produces a small amount of cellulose in the pulp production, while a long cooking time causes the cellulose content in the pulp to become damaged. Cooking temperature that is too low produces a small amount of cellulose in the pulp, while the cooking temperature that is too high will damage the cellulose content in the pulp. The faster the stirring the more lignin apart from cellulose, the lower the cellulose content due to weakening of the saccharide bond in cellulose, the lower the yield produced because the product dissolves more and more. In this study, the parameters chosen were cooking time diversity (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 minutes), cooking temperature (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 °C), and stirring speed (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 rpm). Analysis of water, ash, cellulose, lignin content and tensile strength was carried out as pulp quality testing in this study. It turns out that from the results of the study, the optimum value was obtained at 90 °C cooking temperature with pulp yield of 64.09%, water content of 16%, ash content of 2.5%, cellulose content of 73%, lignin content of 8.5%, and tensile strength 1.96 kN/m2.Keywords:
Dissolving pulp
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Plant lignocellulose constitutes an abundant and sustainable source of polysaccharides that can be converted into biofuels. However, the enzymatic digestion of native plant cell walls is inefficient, presenting a considerable barrier to cost-effective biofuel production. In addition to the insolubility of cellulose and hemicellulose, the tight association of lignin with these polysaccharides intensifies the problem of cell wall recalcitrance. To determine the extent to which lignin influences the enzymatic digestion of cellulose, specifically in secondary walls that contain the majority of cellulose and lignin in plants, we used a model system consisting of cultured xylem cells from Zinnia elegans. Rather than using purified cell wall substrates or plant tissue, we have applied this system to study cell wall degradation because it predominantly consists of homogeneous populations of single cells exhibiting large deposits of lignocellulose. We depleted lignin in these cells by treating with an oxidative chemical or by inhibiting lignin biosynthesis, and then examined the resulting cellulose digestibility and accessibility using a fluorescent cellulose-binding probe. Following cellulase digestion, we measured a significant decrease in relative cellulose content in lignin-depleted cells, whereas cells with intact lignin remained essentially unaltered. We also observed a significant increase in probe binding after lignin depletion, indicating that decreased lignin levels improve cellulose accessibility. These results indicate that lignin depletion considerably enhances the digestibility of cellulose in the cell wall by increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic attack. Although other wall components are likely to contribute, our quantitative study exploits cultured Zinnia xylem cells to demonstrate the dominant influence of lignin on the enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. This system is simple enough for quantitative image analysis, but realistic enough to capture the natural complexity of lignocellulose in the plant cell wall. Consequently, these cells represent a suitable model for analyzing native lignocellulose degradation.
Hemicellulose
Secondary cell wall
Digestion
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
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Dissolving pulp
Kappa number
Soda pulping
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Dissolving pulps are the raw materials of cellulose derivatives and of many other cellulosic products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose and worthy of consideration for the production of dissolving pulp. In this investigation jute fiber, jute cuttings, and jute caddis were used as raw materials to prepare dissolving pulp by a formic acid process. A very high bleached pulp yield (49 to 59%) was obtained in this process. The alpha-cellulose content was 93 to 98%, with a high pulp viscosity. Also a good brightness (81 to 87%) was achieved in totally chlorine free bleaching. Jute fiber showed the best and jute caddis showed lowest performance in producing dissolving pulp via the formic acid process. R18-R10 values were much lower than for conventional dissolving pulp.
Dissolving pulp
Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulose fiber
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Lignin and cellulose are potential resources for being recycled. The investigation of biodegradation of lignin and cellulose by microorganisms has been more and more active in recent years. The key problem is how to make the biodegradation of lignin much easier because the degradation of cellulose is easy by microorganisms but it is covered by lignin. Here we make more discussion on the degradation of lignin by enzymes secreted by white rot fungi on the basis of biodegradation of lignin and cellulose.
Degradation
White rot
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Binding affinities
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Cellulose film is produced from high purity cellulose in the form of 'dissolving' pulp. This is obtained from natural wood which consists mainly of cellulose and lignin, roughly in the ratio 70:30. To remove the lignin the wood, having been debarked and chipped, is 'digested' with various chemicals. Two of the most common processes for producing dissolving pulps are the 'sulphite' process and the 'sulphate' process.
Dissolving pulp
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Dissolving pulp
Viscose
Softwood
Peroxide
Kappa number
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Little loss of α-cellulose is observed when pulp is mercerized, and the amonut of regenerated cel-lulose from alkali cellulose does not change before or after aging, α-cellulose content in alkali cellulose after aging, therefore, may be given by 100K/(1+kβ0/α0). Here α0 and β0 are α-and β-cellulose contents in the original pulp, respectively. K shows the resistant portion of α-cellulose in the original pulp to the oxidation during alkaline aging, k shows the remained proportion of β-cellulose in the original pulp after mercerization. So kβ0 means the amount of β-cellulose left after the mercerization. Though α-cellulose content in the refined pulp greatly changes according to the conditions of refining, little difference of α-cellulose content can be seen in the case of regenerated cellulose after aging. K is almost constant even if the purity of pulp (α-cellulose content) is changed, in other words, percentage of the resistant portion of α-cellulose to the oxidation during aging is not changed by conditions of purifing the pulp.
Dissolving pulp
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