The complete mitogenome of the springtail Cryptopygus antarcticus travei provides evidence for speciation in the Sub-Antarctic region
Daniela M. MonsantoBettine Jansen van VuurenHarini JagatapCandice M. JoosteCharlene Janion‐ScheepersPeter R. TeskeArsalan Emami‐Khoyi
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Abstract:
Cryptopygus antarcticus travei (Collembola) is a springtail endemic to the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands. The mitogenome of C. a. travei has a length of 15,743 bp and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. The base composition is 36% adenine, 33% thymine, 13% guanine, and 18% cytosine. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the distinctness of C. a. travei from C. antarcticus, with considerable sequence divergences separating taxa within this group. In light of these results, we suggest that C. a. travei may be a candidate new species and that the current taxonomical status of this species should be re-evaluated.Keywords:
Springtail
Cytosine
Thymine
Genetic algorithm
All hydrogen-bonded planar structures of complementary (adenine−thymine, cytosine−guanine, and adenine−uracil) and noncomplementary (adenine−cytosine, adenine−guanine, cytosine−thymine, cytosine−uracil, guanine−thymine, guanine−uracil, and thymine−uracil) heteropairings are systematically investigated. Using the idea of binding sites discussed in our previous work on homopairs [Kelly et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 11933−11939; 22045−22052; J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 2249−2255] and the ab initio density functional theory (DFT), we found 9 adenine−thymine, 9 adenine−uracil, 7 cytosine−guanine, 6 adenine−cytosine, 9 adenine−guanine, 6 cytosine−thymine, 6 cytosine−uracil, 7 guanine−thymine, 7 guanine−uracil, and 9 thymine−uracil strong heteropairs. The stabilization energies of the pairs show a wide variation from −0.45 up to −1.12 eV, the most stable being the Watson−Crick cytosine−guanine pair. The geometries and stabilities of the selected pairs, where high quality quantum chemistry and/or DFT calculations are available, are found to compare extremely well with our calculations. The obtained set of 75 stable heteropairs can be used in modeling larger super-structures (based on DNA and RNA heteropairs) seen on various surfaces.
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