Electroconductive Composites Containing Nanocellulose, Nanopolypyrrole, and Silver Nanoparticles
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In this work, conducting composites of nanocellulose (NC)/polypyrrole nanoparticles (NPPy) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), i.e., NC/NPPyAg, were synthesized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, via in situ emulsion polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of surfactant dopants. The AgNPs acted as an oxidizing agent to simultaneously incorporate nanoparticles into the prepared composites. The structures and morphologies of the prepared composites were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis Spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) techniques. Additionally, the prepared composites were characterized by their conductivities, and the dielectric constants (ε΄), dielectric losses (ε˝), and AC conductivities were studied for the prepared composites with an increasing NPPy content as a function of the frequency.Keywords:
Thermogravimetric analysis
Nanocellulose
Polypyrrole
Oxidizing agent
Emulsion polymerization
Silver nanoparticle
In situ polymerization
Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/sodium silicate (SS) nanocomposite was prepared via nonconventional emulsion method using an in situ developed transition metal complex Cu(II)/glycine taking ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, with a novel motive of converting hydrophobic homopolymer PAN into hydrophilic nano material via nanotechnology by the inclusion of SS to the homopolymer. UV–visible spectral analysis was carried out which revealed various interactions between the in situ developed complex with other reaction components. The formation of the PAN/SS nanocomposite was confirmed by infrared spectra (IR). Furthermore, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the composite so obtained was found to have nano scale structure. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out suggesting that the silicate layers were exfoliated during the polymerization process. An increase in the thermal stability for the developed nanocomposite was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Surprisingly, it was also found that the PAN/SS nanocomposite showed considerable amount of waterabsorbency and was biodegradable as tested by activated sludge and cultured media and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermogravimetric analysis
Polyacrylonitrile
Ammonium persulfate
Thermal Stability
Emulsion polymerization
In situ polymerization
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A novel method that selectively polymerizes pyrrole on the silica surface without inducing polymerization in bulk solution is developed, which is based on in situ generation of the NO+ ion as an oxidant at the silica surface.
Oxidizing agent
Polypyrrole
Pyrrole
In situ polymerization
Hydrophobic silica
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Polyvinylidene fluoride
Volume fraction
Dielectric loss
Non-blocking I/O
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In this work, 0-3 lead zirconate titanate (PZT) was mixed with normal Portland cement to produce 0-3 connectivity composites. The effect of temperature on the dielectric properties such as the dielectric constant and dielectric loss was determined. It was found that with increasing PZT content the Tc increases where the optimum dielectric constant was observed and that at the temperature up to 100°C there is a significant change in the dielectric properties in PZT-cement composites. This is due to the loss of water molecules at up to 100°C. At above 100°C, the dielectric properties of the composites were found to have a similar behavior to that of PZT ceramic with Tc being ≈420°C.
Lead zirconate titanate
Dielectric loss
Zirconate
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Nanometer-scale (approximately 70 nm) silica/polypyrrole composites were synthesized using a selective polymerization based on an in situ-generated strong oxidizing agent (NO + ions) on the silica surface. The effects of the concentrations of reactants (pyrrole monomer and NO2 − ions) and the presence of additional dopant anions (Cl− or ) on the polypyrrole (ppy) content and electric conductivity of the silica/ppy composites are examined. It was found that the ppy content in the silica/ppy composites increased with the reactant concentration in the range of 0.02–0.2 M. It is revealed that employing additional dopant anions could be a promising way to improve the electrical conductivity of the composites.
Polypyrrole
Oxidizing agent
Pyrrole
Nanometre
In situ polymerization
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Non-blocking I/O
Dielectric loss
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Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl acetate)/organophilic montmorillonite (PVAc/OMMT) were prepared via emulsion polymerization. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),and FT-IR spectrum. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and DSC. Intercalated structures were found in the nanocomposites. Based on neat PVAc,the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposite was increased,the thermal stability and mechanical properties were also enhanced. The initial decomposition temperature of the nanocomposites increased with increasing contents of OMMT. The tensile strength of the nanocomposites were first increased and then decreased with increasing contents of OMMT. When the content of OMMT was 10 wt %,the maximum value of 7.87 MPa was obtained.
Thermogravimetric analysis
Vinyl acetate
Thermal Stability
Emulsion polymerization
In situ polymerization
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Lignocellulose-clay nanocomposites were synthesized using an in situ intercalative polymerization method at 60°C and a pressure of 1 atm. The ratio of the montmorillonite clay to the lignocellulose ranged from 1 : 9 to 1 : 1 (MMT clay to lignocelluloses, wt%). The adsorbent materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). FTIR results showed that the polymers were covalently attached to the nanoclay and the lignocellulose in the nanocomposites. Both TEM and XRD analysis showed that the morphology of the materials ranged from phase-separated to intercalated nanocomposite adsorbents. Improved thermal stability, attributable to the presence of nanoclay, was observed for all the nanocomposites. The nanocomposite materials prepared can potentially be used as adsorbents for the removal of pollutants in water treatment and purification.
Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermal Stability
In situ polymerization
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Dielectric loss
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This work describes the preparation and characterization of polypyrrole (PPy)/iron oxide nanocomposites fabricated from monodispersed iron oxide nanoparticles in the crystalline form of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and PPy by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Two spherical nanoparticles of magnetite, such as 4 and 8 nm, served as cores were first dispersed in an aqueous solution with anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate to form micelle/magnetite spherical templates that avoid the aggregation of magnetite nanoparticles during the further preparation of nanocomposites. The PPy/magnetite nanocomposites were then synthesized on the surface of the spherical templates. Structural and morphological analysis showed that the fabricated PPy/magnetite nanocomposites are core (magnetite)-shell (PPy) structures. Morphology of the PPy/magnetite nanocomposites containing monodispersed 4-nm magnetite nanoparticles shows a remarkable change from spherical to tube-like structures as the content of nanoparticles increases from 12 to 24 wt %. Conductivities of these PPy/magnetite nanocomposites show significant enhancements when compared with those of PPy without magnetite nanoparticles, in particular the conductivities of 36 wt % PPy/magnetite nanocomposites with 4-nm magnetite nanoparticles are about six times in magnitude higher than those of PPy without magnetite nanocomposites. These results suggest that the tube-like structures of 36 wt % PPy/magnetite nanocomposites may be served as conducting network to enhance the conductivity of nanocomposites. The magnetic properties of 24 and 36 wt % PPy/magnetitenanocomposites show ferromagnetic behavior and supermagnetism, respectively.
Polypyrrole
Iron oxide nanoparticles
In situ polymerization
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