Assessing Agreement of Step Test Equations to Estimate VO2max in Korean Male and Female Youths Aged 13-18 Years
Jung-Ran SongSanghyun LeeYang-Jung KimSu-Jin KimHyuk ParkJun‐Su KimHyo‐Bum KwakJu‐Hee KangDong‐Ho Park
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PURPOSE To assess the agreement between maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) measured directly when performing the maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and estimated VO2max from two different equations in Korean male and female youths aged 13-18 years. METHODS Sixty-six adolescents (15.3±1.7 years, 166.0±7.8 cm, 58. 7±10.0 kg, BMI 21.2±2.7) performed GXT on a treadmill and Astrand-Ryhming step test (AR test) to measure VO2max and VO2max estimates, respectively. The participants wore a portable device (Polar CS300) to measure heart rate (HR) during the tests. RESULTS Correlation coefficients (r) between VO2max of the equations and VO2max of the measured value were 0.321 (p<0.05) and 0.713 (P<0.01), respectively. The mean difference ranged from -0.234 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 to -3.63 mL·kg-1 ·min-1. The AR equation tended to be somewhat underestimated measured VO2max. The standard error of the estimate (SEE) ranged from 4.95 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 to 7.60 mL·kg-1 ·min-1, and the percentage error (%Error) ranged from 26.6% to 193.7%. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the equation provides the closet agreement with directly measured VO2max in Korean male and female youths aged 13-18 years. A further study needs to develop a step test estimation equation targeting adults and elderly people in which validity and reliability are secured. 색인어: 최대산소섭취량, 추정식, 스텝테스트, 타당도, 청소년 Keywords: VO2max, Equation, Step test, Validity, YouthsKeywords:
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Step test
Oxygen consumption was measured in Yucatan miniature swine during various intensities of treadmill exercise. Nine animals were evaluated at rest and at various treadmill velocities ranging from 2.5–4.5 mph. Oxygen consumption was linearly related to treadmill speed during sub-maximal exercise work loads (r=0.92, P<0.01). Maximal oxygen consumption was also determined in two groups of animals. In one group (N=6) the highest attainable oxygen consumption was 24.0 ± 1.31 ml·min-1·kg-1. In the second group (N=9) an electric prod was utilized to encourage the animals to run. Their maximal oxygen consumptions ranged from 33.9–51.1 ml·min-1·kg-1 with a mean of 41.7 ± 1.8 ml·min-1·kg-1. These data indicated that Yucatan swine have a relatively low aerobic capacity compared to the rat or dog, but their oxygen consumptions are similar to that observed in untrained man.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the validity of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the OMNI-Child scale as a measure of intensity in children in a physical education setting. METHODS:Heart rate and RPE were assessed during the PACER test. The PACER test was used because it provides structured increases in intensity that should result in variations in both heart rate and perceived exertion. Eighty students in grades six (n=26; mean age=11.1 yrs), seven (n=25; mean age=12.1 yrs) and eight (n=29; mean age=13.0 yrs) performed the PACER test as part of their annual fitness assessment. Heart rate and RPE were measured four times - at the end of levels 2 (HR1), 4 (HR2) and 6 (HR3) and when the student completed the test (HRfinal). Heart rate was monitored using Ekho monitors and RPE was measured using the OMNI-Child RPE scale. RESULTS: Separate repeated-measures ANOVAs were calculated to examine differences in RPE and heart rate across the levels of the PACER test. ANOVA results indicated significant RPE and heart rate main effects (p < 0.01). RPE increased significantly (p < 0.008) as the intensity of exercise increased. HR1 was significantly (p < 0.008) lower than HR3 and HRfinal. There were no other significant differences among heart rates from any other time points. There were no significant correlations between heart rate and RPE. CONCLUSIONS: Ratings of perceived exertion increase as intensity increases, suggesting that RPE can be used to monitor changes in intensity in physical education settings.
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Intensity
Step test
Exertion
Exercise intensity
Heart rate monitor
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Harvard Medical Unit Thorndike Memorial Laboratory Boston City Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02118. Maximal oxygen uptake has been reported to be greater if work is performed with both arms and legs rather than with the legs alone, Since rowing is exercise which requires the use of both arms and legs, it would seem to follow that a more meaningful assessment of aerobic working capacity in a crew could be obtained during rowing than while running on a treadmill. Five varsity crew niembers were studied during work to determine if a higher oxygen uptake could he generated during rowing than during maximal treadmill exercise. Maximal intensity on the treadmill was documented as a plateau of oxygen uptake to work load and averaged 5.34 liters per min. During an exhaustive 5 min load on a rowing ergometer, the mean oxygen uptake was 5.32 liters per min. This similarity of exhaustive rowing and treadmill exercise indicates that either test could be used to assess aerobic working capacity in these athletes.
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Aerobic capacity
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Treadmill Testing In Ambulatory Children With Spina Bifida: Does Peak Reflect Maximum Oxygen Uptake?
PURPOSE: To determine whether a graded treadmill exercise is a valid method to measure maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) in ambulatory children with Spina Bifida (SB). METHODS: VO2peak was measured during a graded treadmill exercise test in 20 ambulatory children with SB. Validity of VO2peak was evaluated by using (1) Rowland's guidelines for maximum exercise testing in healthy children and (2) differences between VO2peak and VO2 during a supra-maximal protocol (VO2supramaximal) as previously described by Rossiter et al. RESULTS: VO2peak and normalized VO2peak averaged respectively 1.23 ± 0.6 l/min and 34.1 ± 8.3 ml/kg/min. Fourteen (70%) children met at least two our of three of Rowland's criteria, while one child failed to meet any While there were no significant differences between VO2peak and VO2supramaximal, five children did still improve during supra-maximal testing. CONCLUSIONS: VO2peak measured during an incremental treadmill test seems to reflect true VO2max in ambulatory children with SB, validating the use of a treadmill test for these children. When maximum effort needs confirmation, adding a supra-maximal step is an easy and well tolerated method in children with disability.
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In the present studies it was examined to begin with, whether intentional fixed quantity of exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate could be loaded by treadmill connected with“Heart Rate Controller” (Quinton Co., Ltd.) i.e. a series of patterns in running exercise of the normal adult males were analysed.The obtained results in short are in the following ;1) Running exercise in response to previously defined level of heart rate being carried out by use of the above“Heart Rate Controler”, speed of treadmill needed to be adjusted manually until heart rate reached the defined level and then controlled automatically.2) The relations between treadmill speed and heart rate defined at 130 Beats/min, 150 or 170 each, are as follows.a) Treadmill speed at heart rate, previously defined as 130 B/min was 80±5-12 meters/min, actual heart rate during above exercise was 130±3-8 B/min in record.b) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 150 B/min was 100±9-18 m/min, actual heart rate 150±6-8 B/min in record.c) Treadmill speed at heart rate, 170 B/min was 130±10-33 m/min, actual heart rate 170±3-9 B/min in record.As previously defined heart rate level was indreased, actual level in record deviated from the former within some extent and treadmill speed was also raised to maintain the defined heart rate level.Fluctuation width of treadmill speed varied remarkably by the individuals.Adjustment of treadmill speed was considered to be well under control by feedback mechanism of“Heart Rate Controller”.
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Endurance capacity in soccer players is important. A soccer specific test for direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake does, however, not exist. The aim of this study was to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake in a soccer specific field test, compared to treadmill running.Ten male soccer players (age 21.9+/-3.0 years, body mass 73.3+/-9.5 kg, height 179.9+/-4.7 cm) participated in the study, and 5 endurance trained men (age 24.9+/-1.8 years, body mass 81.5+/-3.7 kg, height 185.6+/-3.1 cm) took part in a comparison of the portable and the stationary metabolic test systems. The soccer players accomplished a treadmill test and a soccer specific field test containing dribbling, repetitive jumping, accelerations, decelerations, turning and backwards running.Maximal oxygen uptake was similar in field (5.0+/-0.5 L x min(-1)) and laboratory (5.1+/-0.7 L x min(-1)) tests, as were maximal heart rate, maximal breathing frequency, respiratory exchange ratio and oxygen pulse. Maximal ventilation was 5.4% higher at maximal oxygen uptake during treadmill running.These findings show that testing of maximal oxygen uptake during soccer specific testing gives similar results as during treadmill running, and therefore serves as a valid test of maximal oxygen uptake in soccer players.
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Running economy
Oxygen pulse
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Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) testing can be performed on a variety of modalities ranging from treadmills to rowing ergometers. The purpose of VO2MAX testing is to determine a person's aerobic capacity and has been shown to elicit the highest response in treadmill (TM) testing. Very few studies have examined the idea of incorporating arm cycling combined with leg cycling in VO2MAX testing. The purpose of this study was to compare a simultaneous arm and leg ergometry (SALE) testing protocol to a TM VO2MAX test. Forty-seven college-aged individuals (female: n=27) volunteered for this study, completing both TM and SALE VO2MAX tests. VO2MAX was higher for TM than SALE (45.6 ± 8.7 vs. 41.0 ± 8.0 ml/kg/min, respectively; p < 0.05), and total length of VO2MAX test was longer for TM than SALE (11.1 ± 2.1 vs 7.9 ± 3.2 min, respectively; p < 0.05); however, the tests were highly correlated (r = 0.92). Heart rate at VO2MAX (p = 0.31), was not different between tests. The ratio of SALE/TM results ranged from 68.9-104.6%. VO2MAX values were more similar for females than males (F(1, 45) = 5.08, p = 0.03). The main finding is the addition of arm-ergometry to leg-ergometry produced lower VO2MAX and test length compared to a treadmill test. Future research should look into modifying the resistances of the SALE protocol to be adapted to the subject's body weight and fitness level to determine if this elicits a higher VO2MAX.
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Bruce protocol
Bicycle ergometer
Aerobic Exercise
Aerobic capacity
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BackgroundMost knowledge about cellular and molecular adaptation in the heart after exercise training comes from rodent models, and this has substantially improved our knowledge about exercise-induced cardiac adaptations. However, in rodents, the electrophysiological properties of the heart are different from the human heart. Therefore, the need of exercise-training models in larger animal models is obvious. Physiological studies of cardio-respiratory fitness require training regimens that give robust and adequate testing procedures to quantify the outcome.
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Maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) was determined by direct measurement in 10 male subjects whilst exercising on a bicycle ergometer, and whilst running uphill on a treadmill at speeds of 10 and 12 km/h. There was no significant difference between VO2 max measured at the two treadmill speeds, but the VO2 max measured on the bicycle was 20% lower than on the treadmill. An estimate of the variance of the treadmill determined VO2 max was obtained from repeated measurements on five subjects. The 95% tolerance interval about a single measurement of VO2 max was +/- 7.8 ml.kg-1.min-11. It is recommended that when indirect methods for determining VO2 max are calibrated against the direct method, the latter should be based upon the treadmill. Reservations are expressed concerning the value of the direct method for determining VO2 max, and of the concept of VO2 max as a measure of physical fitness.
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