The protective role of exogen melatonin on the prostate gland under experimental models of metabolic diseases
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Department of Biology Institute of Biosciences Humanities and Exact Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESPCite
Diabetes and diabetic complications are considered as leading causes of both morbidity and mortality in the world. Unfortunately, routine medical treatments used for affected patients possess undesirable side effects, including kidney and liver damages as well as gastrointestinal adverse reactions. Therefore, exploring the novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic patients is a crucial issue. It has been recently shown that melatonin, as main product of the pineal gland, despite its various pharmacological features including anticancer, anti-aging, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, exerts anti-diabetic properties through regulating various cellular mechanisms. The aim of the present review is to describe potential roles of melatonin in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and there are many diseases associated with it. Recent studies suggested that melatonin may be involved in the regulation of body mass and metabolic homeostasis through different mechanisms. To this purpose, we conducted an experimental study on 24 adults male Wistar rats, separated into 2 control groups and 1 test group. Our experimental protocol took place in three phases, an obesity induction phase in which the rats were subjected to a hyper fat diet “Cafeteria diet”. A therapeutic phase in which the control group received NaCl as a placebo, the test group was treated with melatonin at a dose of 5mg/kg/day. The groups were randomized and received treatment intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. A Biological blinded evaluation for lipidic, glucidic, and inflammatory (CRP) assessments were performed for each group. The results of our study showed that the Cafeteria diet significantly increased body weight with a gain of up to 126g (p=0.00). The biological analysis of the blood of rats treated with melatonin showed a decrease in blood glucose levels, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, CRP and total cholesterol compared to the initial values. Plasma analysis results obtained at the end of the therapeutic phase between melatonin and placebo‐treated rats showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (p=0.002), LDL (p=0.005), HDL (p=0.014) and blood glucose (p=0.013). The difference between the two groups for CRP (p=0.084) and triglycerides (p=0.116) was not significant. Based on our results melatonin seems to have a beneficial effect against metabolic disorders related to obesity. Support or Funding Information N/A
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Lipid Profile
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The data about pineal hormone melatonin influence on cardiovascular system of the people and animals were summarized. There are some evidences on therapeutic features of melatonin in treatment of arterial hypertension and cardiac ischemic disease.
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Obesity is a common and complex health problem worldwide and can induce the development of Type 2 diabetes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complication occurring as a result of obesity and diabetic conditions that lead to an increased mortality rate. There are several mechanisms and pathways contributing to kidney injury in obese and diabetic conditions. The expansion of adipocytes triggers proinflammatory cytokines release into blood circulation and bind with the receptors at the cell membranes of renal tissues leading to kidney injury. Obesity-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the important causes and progression of CKD. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neuronal hormone that is synthesized by the pineal gland and plays an essential role in regulating several physiological functions in the human body. Moreover, melatonin has pleiotropic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antiapoptosis. In this review, the relationship between obesity, diabetic condition, and kidney injury and the renoprotective effect of melatonin in obese and diabetic conditions from in vitro and in vivo studies have been summarized and discussed.
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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MLT) is a neuroendocrine hormone, which is primarily synthesized by the pineal gland in vertebrates. Melatonin is a remarkable molecule with diverse biological and physiological actions and is involved in the regulation of various important functions such as circadian rhythm, energy metabolism, the reproductive system, the cardiovascular system, and the neuropsychiatric system. It also plays a role in disease by having anti-neoplastic and anti-osteoarthritic effects among others. Recently, research has focused on the roles of melatonin in oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and hepatic steatosis and its potential therapeutic roles.
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The role of the diet as well as the impact of the dietary habits on human health and disease is well established. Apart from its sleep regulatory effect, the indoleamine melatonin is a well-established antioxidant molecule with multiple health benefits. Convincing evidence supports the presence of melatonin in plants and foods with the intake of such foods affecting circulating melatonin levels in humans. While numerous actions of both endogenous melatonin and melatonin supplementation are well described, little is known about the influence of the dietary melatonin intake on human health. In the present review, evidence for the cardiovascular health benefits of melatonin supplementation and the dietary melatonin is discussed. Current knowledge on the biological significance as well as the underlying physiological mechanism of action of the dietary melatonin is also summarized. Whether dietary melatonin constitutes an alternative preventive treatment for cardiovascular disease is addressed.
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The role of melatonin in type 2 diabetes and obesity Melatonin is a hormone mainly synthesised in the pineal gland which is responsible for regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms, as well as sleep.The highest concentration of melatonin in the plasma is attained during the night, whereas significantly lower concentration is reached during the day.In recent years scientists have been paying special attention to the contribution of melatonin in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, in maintaining the fasting glucose level and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and other civilization diseases.It was also established that there is a connection between statistically frequent variants of the gene MTNR1B, which encode the melatonin MT 2 receptor (for instance rs10830963 SNP), and the development of type 2 diabetes.These reports are of significant importance because of the fact that the supplementation of agonists of melatonin receptors is widespread in the society, as these medicaments may be purchased in drug stores without any prescription in order to improve sleep initiation.These drugs are also applied to shift workers and people exposed to often changes of time zones.The mentioned groups of people have the disrupted circadian rhythm and are significantly vulnerable to the development of civilization diseases.Because of widespread use of these medicaments it is necessary to conduct research into the safety and efficacy of melatonin agonists among people who are burdened with risk factors of glucose tolerance disorders or obesity.In this article the actual knowledge about the role of melatonin in the regulation of glucose metabolism and in the pathogenesis of some civilization diseases is summarized.Furthermore, the connection between the presence of variants of the MTNR1B locus and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among the people who are carriers of these loci is highlighted.Moreover, the potential therapeutic interventions are presented based on signaling pathway mediated by melatonin which could prevent from developing the civilization diseases.Also in the article there are proposed some ways to individualise therapies and suggestions about lifestyle changes which should be implemented especially in people being in high risk of developing the civilization diseases.
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