A modified approach to recover and enumerate Ascaris ova in wastewater and sludge
Vivek B. RavindranAravind SurapaneniNicholas D. CrosbieJonathan SchmidtEsmaeil ShahsavariNagalakshmi HaleyurSarvesh K. SoniAndrew S. Ball
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Enumeration
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Ascaris suum
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Ascaris lumbricoides or roundworm is one of the key soil-transmitted helminths affecting humans. A small number of infections continue to occur in Japan, suggesting plant foodstuff contamination as the source of infection. To understand the current status of ascariasis incidence and to identify potential sources of infection, we extensively surveyed the available literature and collected data from testing facilities that examined clinical samples or foodstuffs. We observed that from 2002 onwards, there was a decrease in the number of ascariasis cases reported in scientific journals. Data from a clinical testing facility indicated that the number of detected cases declined remarkably from 2009. Foodstuff testing facilities reported that 11 of 10,223 plant foodstuff specimens were contaminated with anisakid nematodes but not with Ascaris. Imported kimchi was suspected as the most probable source of ascarid nematode infection, as one Ascaris egg-positive sample was detected among 60 kimchi samples in a testing facility. Therefore, the sources of Ascaris infection are still not fully known and need to be clarified to establish preventive countermeasures to safeguard Ascaris infections that continue to occur in Japan.
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BACKGROUND: Ascariasis is one of the most common human parasitic infections worldwide.In some rare cases, ascariasis may cause serious consequences even sudden death.This study was undertaken to review the life-threatening complications of ascariasis in trauma patients reported in the literature.DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles about ascariasis and trauma were searched from Pubmed, Google scholar, Scirus, and Wanfang databases.RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with ascariasis were collected from 21 articles searched.Most of these patients were from tropical and subtropical countries.Of the 24 patients, 12 were children.Their major complications occurred in the airway passage and digestive tract.There were 3 fatal cases in these patients.Twelve of the 24 patients described in 10 articles were reported in the last 10 years. CONCLUSIONS:Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are essential to minimize the high morbidity and mortality of these serious complications in trauma patients.Physicians should be aware of the possibility of Ascaris infection in a trauma patient from endemic area of ascariasis.History of Ascaris infection and routine examination of feces for Ascaris eggs may be helpful to make a correct diagnosis.
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Human ascariasis is caused by infection with the common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, although the pig roundworm Ascaris suum has also been reported to infect humans and develop into the adult stage. To elucidate whether pig-derived Ascaris infects humans in Japan, 9 Ascaris isolates obtained from Japanese patients and a further 9 Ascaris isolates of pig origin were analyzed to determine their internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences. Six of the 9 clinical isolates showed the Ascaris genotype which predominantly infects humans in endemic countries, while the other 3 clinical isolates and 9 pig-derived isolates showed the genotype predominant in pigs worldwide. These results suggest that at least some cases of human ascariasis in Japan are a result of infection with pig-derived Ascaris.
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The effects ofAscaris lumbricoideson the human host are not known with any degree of accuracy. As infestation withAscarisis widespread in tropical countries and in some parts of the United States and often represents a major sanitary problem, it was thought desirable to determine the clinical condition of a group of patients infested with this worm. An excellent opportunity for such an investigation was available in Tennessee as several thousand persons withAscarisinfestation were found in an investigation of the common human intestinal parasites. ThatAscarismay cause serious surgical conditions is not questioned. There are numerous reports from all parts of the world of intestinal obstruction due to the worms becoming matted together into a mass and blocking the small intestine. There are also records of the worms blocking the common bile duct or the pancreatic duct or invading the appendix. The adult worms are
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Human ascariasis is caused by infection with the common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, although the pig roundworm Ascaris suum has also been reported to infect humans and develop into the adult stage. To elucidate whether pig-derived Ascaris infects humans in Japan, 9 Ascaris isolates obtained from Japanese patients and a further 9 Ascaris isolates of pig origin were analyzed to determine their internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences. Six of the 9 clinical isolates showed the Ascaris genotype which predominantly infects humans in endemic countries, while the other 3 clinical isolates and 9 pig-derived isolates showed the genotype predominant in pigs worldwide. These results suggest that at least some cases of human ascariasis in Japan are a result of infection with pig-derived Ascaris.
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Malnutrition in children
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