Applications of magnetic materials separation in biological nanomedicine
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Abstract As a result of their advantages for superparamagnetic properties, good biocompatibility, and high binding capacity, functionalized magnetic materials became widely popular over the past couple of decades, being applied on large scale in various processes of sample preparation for biomedicine. In this work, we perform an in‐depth review on the current progress in the field of magnetic bead separation, discussing in detail the physical basis of this process, various synthesis methods and surface modification strategies. We place special focus of attention as well on the latest applications of magnetic polymer microspheres in cell separation, protein purification, immobilized enzyme, nucleic acid separation, and extraction of bioactive compounds with low molecular weight. Existing problems are highlighted and possible trends of magnetic separation techniques for biomedicine in the future are proposed.Keywords:
Biomedicine
Magnetic separation
Biocompatibility
Magnetic bead
Superparamagnetism
On the basis of study on physical and chemical properties of magnetic bead (MB) in fly ash (FA), the paper gives out the separation methods of MB and results of three separating process. The result of comparative test in size, density, stability, magnetic material content, specific magnetic susceptibility (SMS), medium recovery oxidation resistance and wear resistance between MB and magnetic fines currently used in dense medium separation leads to that using MB recovered from fly ash is used as medium solid:Is in coal cleaning in stead of magnetic fines not only have no influence upon taryests of separation, but can bring good economic and social benefits.
Magnetic separation
Bead
Magnetic bead
Separation (statistics)
Separation process
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Abstract Downstream processing using magnetic adsorbent particles, so called magnetic beads, is a promising technology for future bioseparation challenges for high‐value as well as for mid‐priced products. Magnetic adsorbent based separation currently applies the same ligand technologies as chromatographic separation. After binding, magnetic forces are used for the separation of protein loaded beads from crude bio suspensions. The concept has been proven in many proof of principle examples but few pilot scale processes, due to two main hurdles: Improved, cheaper magnetic adsorbents are required, as are improved magnetic separators. This review examines where magnetic bead based separations can fit into a downstream process before studying several state of the art synthesis processes for magnetic beads and their magnetic and sorptive properties. An overview of magnetic separator technology is given with special focus on bioprocessing. Examples of the separation and purification of proteins applying magnetic beads to a biosuspension is shown.
Magnetic separation
Magnetic bead
Magnetic particle inspection
Downstream processing
Separator (oil production)
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We present a novel microfluidic magnetic bead separator based on SU-8 fabrication technique for high through-put applications. The experimental results show that magnetic beads can be captured at an efficiency of 91 % and 54 % at flow rates of 1 mL/min and 4 mL/min, respectively. Integration of soft magnetic elements in the chip leads to a slightly higher capturing efficiency and a more uniform distribution of captured beads over the separation chamber than the system without soft magnetic elements.
Magnetic bead
Separator (oil production)
Bead
Magnetic separation
Microfluidic chip
Lab-on-a-Chip
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Magnetic separation presents significant potential for culture-independent detection of foodborne pathogens in food samples. In this study, we compared two magnetic separation pretreatment strategies for molecular detection using (q)PCR assays targeting Staphylococcus aureus in milk as models. The first approach employed amino-modified silica magnetic particles (ASMPs) for DNA separation, while the second utilized pig IgG-labeled magnetic beads (IgG-MBs) for cell separation. In the ASMPs-based DNA separation strategy, a sensitivity of 36 CFU/mL was achieved when ASMPs-DNA complexes were employed as templates for PCR analysis. To mitigate noise signals originating from ASMPs during qPCR, DNA on the surface of ASMPs was replaced with dNTP, resulting in a sensitivity of 1.6×103 CFU/mL. The IgG-MBs-based cell separation approach yielded sensitivities of 3.6×104 CFU/mL for PCR and 1.6×103 CFU/mL for qPCR following DNA isolation from the bacteria-IgG-MBs complexes. Both methods exhibited exceptional specificity and robustness against background bacteria interference. However, neither approach effectively discriminated between live and dead bacteria. In comparison, the ASMPs-based DNA separation strategy exhibited superior potential especially when ASMPs do not influence the detection system. This research contributes to the optimization of magnetic separation pretreatment strategies for the molecular detection of foodborne pathogens, highlighting the potential of culture-independent detection methods.
Magnetic separation
Immunomagnetic separation
Magnetic bead
Chromatographic Separation
Isolation
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High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is the most commonly used magnetic cell separation technique in biomedical science. However, parameters determining target cell capture efficiencies in HGMS are still not well understood. This limitation leads to loss of information and resources. The present study develops a bead-capture theory to predict capture efficiencies in HGMS. The theory is tested with CD3- and CD14-positive cells in combination with paramagnetic beads of different sizes and a generic immunomagnetic separation system. Data depict a linear relationship between normalized capture efficiency and the bead concentration. In addition, it is shown that key biological functions of target cells are not affected for all bead sizes and concentrations used. In summary, linear bead-capture theory predicts capture efficiency ($E_t$ ) in a highly significant manner.
Magnetic separation
Bead
Separation (statistics)
Magnetic bead
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환경정화 등의 기능성을 부여할 수 있는 고분자자성체가 토양 오염물처리에 사용될 수 있는지 여부를 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 수산화기를 지닌 마이크로 고분자자성체를 분체로 걸러진 토양$(<0.025{\cal}mm)$ , 물과 함께 혼합하고 교반시킨 후 1.2 Tesla의 자력을 지닌 자석으로 자성체를 분리하였다. 이때 고려되어진 인자는 토양과 고분자자성체의 비율, 토양과 물의 비율, 반응용기의 크기 그리고 자력의 크기였다. 토양과 고분자자성체의 분리실험 결과, 고분자자성체와 물의 양이 분리도에 영향을 미친 반면 반응용기의 크기와 자력은 이 소규모의 실험에서 별다른 영향이 없었다. 본 실험을 통하여 전체적으로 반응조건을 최적화시켜 $90{\~}100{\%}$ 의 분리도를 달성할 수 있었다. 이로서 기능성고분자를 환경 처리에 적용함에 있어서, 수처리 뿐만 아니라 토양처리에도 사용이 가능함을 확인하였다. It was evaluated whether magnetic beads able to add the functionality of environment purification can be employed in processing soil pollutants. In this study, the micro scale magnetic beads containing carboxyl groups were mixed with water and the soil $(<0.025{\cal}mm) filtered through a sieve, and then it was agitated before isolating the magnetic substances by the use of outer magnetic force. The factors considered at this step were the ratio of soil to magnetic beads, ratio of soil to water, size of the tube where the reaction occur, and intensity of the magnetic force. From the separation experiment between soil and magnetic beads, it was concluded that the magnetic beads and water quantity have an impact on the degree of separation, yet the size of the tube and magnetic force does not have a considerable effect upon that in this small-scaled experiment. Through this experiment, the reaction conditions were optimized to achieve $90\~100\%$ of separation. Therefore, it was concluded that when the functionalized magnetic beads is introduced to environmental processing, it is able to be adopted to the soil processing as well as the water processing.
Magnetic separation
Magnetic bead
Sieve (category theory)
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Biosensing platforms based on functionalized superparamagnetic beads acting as “magnetic-labels” show tremendous potential for rapid and highly-sensitive point of care medical diagnosis. Recently, for greater quantification, there are increasing demands for the use of magnetic labels with diameters of 8–150 nm, which are comparable in size to actual biomolecules. However, detection of small numbers of sub-150 nm sized magnetic beads by magnetoresistive device-based platforms is extremely challenging due to the intrinsic noise of these electronic devices. Here, we describe an easy and economical detection method of low areal densities of 8-nm-diameter superparamagnetic “target beads” immobilized over millimeter-sized substrates by optically monitoring the magnetically induced “capture” of easily visible, micrometer sized superparamagnetic “columnar beads” by the targets in less than a few tens of seconds.
Superparamagnetism
Bead
Micrometer
Magnetic bead
Biomagnetism
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This chapter concerns about developing an analysis of the implications of the nanomedical paradigm. It reviews some of the recent literature that has assessed the extent to which nanomedicine has lived up to its promise. The chapter focuses on the notion of the transversality of nanomedicine and its molecular basis. It shows how across the three most important areas of contemporary biomedicine, such as predictive, personalized, and regenerative medicine, nanomedicine has crosscutting effects. In addition, the chapter highlights that despite its indisputable novelty, the nanomedicine paradigm in some areas, particularly predictive and personalized medicine, builds on and intensifies already-existing tendencies within biomedicine. Finally, It recapitulates a paradox associated with each of the three areas and argues that these paradoxes provide useful sites for monitoring and reflecting on the development of nanomedicine.
Biomedicine
Personalized Medicine
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Magnetic separation is an important method of purifying of cells or DNA. A properly designed magnetic separator causes less physical and chemical damage to a target and has a high separation rate. This paper presents a new high-throughput continuous magnetic separator for biomaterials labeled by magnetic beads. The separator consists of three rectangular coils, two circular coils, and a separation chamber. These instruments were designed by a numerically analyzing of the magnetic field and the movement of magnetic beads. A separation rate over 90% was obtained with this system in a separation test using magnetic beads.
Magnetic separation
Separator (oil production)
Magnetic bead
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A magnetic bead based sensitive sandwich assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) has been developed. In this assay, magnetic microbeads conjugated with monoclonal anti-CRP are used to capture CRP in human serum, and then sequentially incubated with biotinylated monoclonal anti-CRP and streptavidin coated quantum dots (QDs) to form sandwich immunocomplexes. The immunocomplexes are further mixed with an immunoaffinity separation buffer to release QDs from the magnetic bead surface by dissociating antibody-antigen pairs. After magnetic bead separation, the fluorescence signal of QDs released in the immunoaffinity separation buffer is measured to quantify CRP. This proposed approach takes advantages of magnetic beads for fast magnetic separation, sandwich binding of two monoclonal antibodies for high specificity, and QD fluorescence labeling for high detection sensitivity. Moreover, it adopts immunoaffinity separation to avoid the interference of magnetic bead autofluorescence in signal transduction and thus enhances the detection resolution of the assay. The detection limit of CRP is 0.5 fM, corresponding to 10 pM CRP in 50 microL of sample volume, and the detection range is of around 3 orders of magnitude.
Magnetic separation
Bead
Streptavidin
Autofluorescence
Magnetic bead
Immunomagnetic separation
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