Gross Morphological Features of Pancreas in Large White Yorkshire Pigs
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Abstract Meishan synthetic sows and gilts have been shown to produce higher litter weights at weaning than White breed type sows and gilts. To investigate the factors contributing to this, 64 multiparous sows were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment to assess the influence of maternal breed type (0·50 Meishan synthetic (M) or purebred European Landrace and Large White (W)), litter size (eight (L) or 12 (H) piglets) and breed of piglet (0·25 Meishan hybrid (m) or white hybrid (w)) on sow and litter production and behaviour over a 28-day lactation. All litters were formed by cross-fostering to standardized litter rearing size 24 h after farrowing. Sows were given food twice daily to appetite. When there were no treatment interactions, main effects are presented. M sows were lighter (M = 215, W = 241 (s.e. 3·61) kg, P < 0·001) and fatter (M = 31·5, W = 21·7 (s.e. 0·72) mm, P < 0·001) at farrowing than W and had higher maternal weight loss (M = 24·7, W = 5·9 (s.e. 0·85) kg, P < 0·001) and higher back fat loss (M = 5·6, W = 2·0 (s.e. 0.28) mm, P < 0·001) in lactation. High litter size resulted in higher maternal weight loss (L = 7·4, H = 13·2 (s.e. 0·85) kg, P < 0·001) and fat loss (L = 2·9, H = 4·7 (s.e. 0·28) mm, P < 0·002) than low litter size. Litter growth rate was higher for M than for W (M = 27·0, W = 14·5 (s.e. 0·42) kg/week, P < 0·002) and for high litter size than for low litter size (L = 24·3, H = 17·3 (s.e. 0·42 kg/week, P < 0·001). The m piglets had lower litter growth rates than w piglets (m = 15·1, w – 16·5 (s.e. 0·42) kg/week, P < 0·001). There were no breed differences in the length of suckling periods but M had shorter suckling intervals than W (M = 38·1, W = 48·7 (s.e. 1·08) min, P < 0·001). It is concluded that the higher litter weights produced by M sows are due solely to maternal effects and not litter size or piglet genotype.
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Journal Article Comments: White on Black among The Mormons: A Critique of White & White Get access Armand L. Mauss Armand L. Mauss Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 42, Issue 3, Fall 1981, Pages 277–282, https://doi.org/10.2307/3711039 Published: 01 October 1981
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Abstract Responses to four generations of divergent selection in pigs for lean growth rate (LGS) with restricted feeding were studied. The selection criterion was designed to obtain equal correlated responses in growth rate and carcass lean content, measured in phenotypic s.d. Animals were to be performance tested in individual pens with a mean starting weight of 30 kg for a period of 84 days. Daily food intake was equal to 0·75 gig of the daily food intake for pigs offered food ad-libitum. In the high, low and control lines, there ivere 1250 Large White-Edinburgh (LW) pigs and 875 British Landrace-Wye (LR) pigs. Each selection line consisted of 10 sires and 20 dams, with a generation interval ofl year. After four generations of selection, cumulative selection differentials were 5·9 and 4·8 phenotypic s.d. for LW and LR populations, with similar responses, 1·8 (s.e. 0·17) phenotypic s.d. Mean weight at the end of test, growth rate and backfat depths at the shoulder, mid back and loin were 89 kg, 712 g/day, 26,13 and 13 mm for LW and for LR pigs were 87 kg, 683 g/day, 28,10 and 10 mm. High line pigs were heavier at the end of test (4·3 (s.e.d. 1·4) kg and 4·0 (s.e.d. 1·6) kg) for LW and LR populations, with corresponding responses in growth rate (54 (s.e.d. 16) g/day and 47 (s.e.d. 18) g/day). Responses in the three backfat depths were −4·1 (s.e.d. 1·2) mm, −2·6 (s.e.d. 0·7) mm and −2·9 (s.e.d. 0·7) mm for LW and −2·2 (s.e.d. 0·05) mm, −2·2 (s.e.d. 0·4) mm and −2·4 (s.e.d. 0·5) mm for LR populations. Responses in weight off test and backfat depths were symmetric about the control lines. Heritabilities for LGS were 0·34 and 0·28 (s.e.d. 0·5) for the LW and LR populations, when estimated by residual maximum likelihood. Common environmental effects for LGS were 0·11 (s.e. 0·03) for LW and 0·17 (s.e. 0·04) for LR. Heritabilities for growth rate and average backfat depth were similar for LW and LR populations (0·17 and 0·29, s.e. 0·05), as were common environmental effects (0·10 s.e. 0·04). Average phenotypic and genetic correlations between growth rate and backfat, for LW and LR populations, were small (0·15 (s.e. 0·03) and −0·06 (s.e. 0·16), respectively). Responses to selection and genetic parameter estimates demonstrate that there is substantial genetic variation in growth and fat deposition when pigs are performance tested on restricted feeding.
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In a pedigree farm of 240 Polish Large White sows litter and piglet weights were assessed in relation to major traits of sows. A total of 2131 litters from the years 1994-1999 were analysed coming from 465 sows. Piglet weight increased along with the increase in daily live weight gain and meat content of carcass of gilts (P<0.05 and P<0.01). However, differences in litter weight were not found significant. The highest litter weight was affected by the number of piglets in the litter (13 and more), but piglets from that group of sows were the lightest (P<0.01). The highest mean live body weight was found in piglets coming from smaller litters (10 piglets and less). A higher litter weight was also the effect of the number of litters born by a sow during its productive life (P<0.01 and 0.05) especially when they were litters of sows giving 4-7 litters during their productive life. Successive years caused an increase in the fertility of sows and in litter weight, but also a decrease in mean piglet weight (P<0.01). Starting from the 7th cycle the uniformity of weight of piglets and of litters was deteriorating. The highest uniformity in litter and piglet weights was found when sows exhibited average weight gain and average meat content of carcass at the age of 180 days, had their first litter at the age of 331-380 days, as well when the litter contained 11-12 piglets or when the piglet and litter originated from sows estimated as of medium fertility (11-12 piglets).
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Two experiments were carried out at the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, Concordia, SC, Brazil. The objective was to examine the performance of post-weaned pigs raised concrete floored pens and iron cages with different stocking rates. Groups of six, eight and ten pigs in each pen with partially slotted floor were used in the experiment I. The space allowance was 0.242, 0.182 and 0.145 m 2 per pig. The pigs were placed in groups of seven, nine and eleven in each cage in the experiment II, and the space allowance was 0.240, 0.186 and 0.152 m 2 per pig. Four hundred and eight Landrace and Landrace x Large White crossbreed pigs of both sexes were used during a period of five weeks. The performance results indicated that the space allowance of 0.242 m 2 (six pigs per pen); 0.240 m 2 (seven pigs per cage); 0.182 m 2 (eight pigs per pen) and 0.186 m 2 (nine pigs per cage) can be recommended for post-weaned pigs varying in weight from 8 to 25 kg. The winter period had a significant effect on performance of the pigs in the pen, but had no effect on the performance of the pigs in the cages. The best economic results correspond to the space allowance of 0.242 m 2 per pig in pen.
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The effect of temperature level (24°C, 28°C, 32°C or 36°C) on performance and thermoregulatory response in growing pigs during acclimation to high ambient temperature was studied on a total of 96 Large White barrows. Pigs were exposed to 24°C for 10 days (days -10 to -1, P0) and thereafter to a constant temperature of 24°C, 28°C, 32°C or 36°C for 20 days. Pigs were housed in individual metal slatted pens, allowing a separate collection of faeces and urine and given ad libitum access to feed. Rectal (RT) and cutaneous (CT) temperatures and respiration rate (RR) were measured three times daily (0700, 1200 and 1800 h) every 2 to 3 days during the experiment. From day 1 to 20, the effect of temperature on average daily feed intake (ADFI) and BW gain (average daily gain, ADG) was curvilinear. The decrease of ADFI averaged 90 g/day per °C between 24°C and 32°C and 128 g/day per °C between 32°C and 36°C. The corresponding values for ADG were 50 and 72 g/day per °C, respectively. The 20 days exposure to the experimental temperature was divided in two sub-periods (P1 and P2, from day 1 to 10 and from day 11 to 20, respectively). ADFI was not affected by duration of high-temperature exposure (i.e. P2 v. P1). The ADG was not influenced by the duration of exposure at 24°C and 28°C groups. However, ADG was higher at P2 than at P1 and this effect was temperature dependent (+130 and +458 g/day at 32°C and 36°C, respectively). In P2 at 36°C, dry matter digestibility significantly increased (+2.1%, P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of either duration or temperature on the digestibility of dry matter at group 24°C and 32°C. RT, CT and RR were measured three times daily (0700, 1200 and 1800 h) every 2 to 3 days during the experiment. Between 28°C and 36°C, RT and CT were lower during P2 than during P1 (-0.20°C and -0.23°C; P < 0.05), whereas RR response was not affected by the duration of exposure whatever the temperature level. In conclusion, this study suggests that the effect of elevated temperatures on performance and thermoregulatory responses is dependent on the magnitude and the duration of heat stress.
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Rectal temperature
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Journal Article White Man's Africa: the Problem of a White Nation in a Black Continent Get access White Man's Africa: the Problem of a White Nation in a Black Continent. By L. E. Neame. Cape Town, Stewart, 1952. 105 pp. 834′′×534′′. 10s. 6d. Philip Mason Philip Mason Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 29, Issue 4, October 1953, Page 521, https://doi.org/10.2307/2606093 Published: 01 October 1953
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Cape
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The effects of pattern of feed distribution during the reproductive cycle on the performance of sows
SUMMARY Three groups of 10 Large White gilts were allocated on a littermate basis to 3 feeding regimes, for 3 successive pregnancies and lactations, to provide the following daily allowances: (A) 6 lb feed per day in pregnancy and 2 lb plus 1 lb per pig suckled in lactation; (B) the same total as (A) but given as 4 lb per day in regnancy and 6 lb plus 1 lb per pig suckled in lactation; (C) a lower overall allowance distributed during pregnancy as 5 lb during weeks 1, 2, 15 and 16, 3 to 5 lb during weeks 3, 4, 13 and 14 and 2 lb during weeks 5 to 12, and during lactation increasing by 1 lb per day to appetite or a maximum of 26 lb at the 21st day, and then decreasing by 1 lb every alternate day to a minimum of 5 lb. Creep-feed was provided ad libitum from 3 weeks of age until weaning at 8 weeks of age. Differences between groups in litter size and weight at birth were not significant but the combined measure of litter weight was significantly lower in C than in A and B (P<0·05); litter size (P<0·05) and litter weight (P<0·01) but not individual pig weight increased with parity. At 3 and 8 weeks of age there were no significant differences between groups in size or weight of litters or in individual pig weights. Pigs of Group C sows consumed significantly more (P< 0·001) creep feed (7 lb per head) than those of Groups A and B. Sows of Group A gained double the weight of Groups B and C during pregnancy (P<0001) and lost significantly more (P<0·001) during lactation; Groups B and C did not differ significantly in either respect. Efficiencies of feed conversion (EFC) of total food into total weight by sow and litter were poorest in Group A and best in Group C.
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Creep feeding
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Non-linear prediction equations (i.e. polynomial and power functions) were determined to investigate trends in performance test traits and body measurements of 80 Landrace (40 boars and 40 gilts) and 78 Large White (38 boars and 40 gilts) grown from 76 to 174 days old at a local swine breeding farm, Cabuyao City, Laguna. For boars, the proposed shift from 90 to 110 kg weight at the end of test (EOT) will result to older boars (+20.6 days), higher daily feed intake, DFI (+0.20 kg/day), higher average daily gain, ADG (+0.081 kg/day), lower feed efficiency, FE (+0.03 g/g), higher average backfat thickness, ABFT (+1.70 mm), body length, BL (+7.6 cm), shoulder height, SH (+2.98 cm), and rump height, RH (+3.95 cm). At 110 kg market weight, Landrace boars were older at EOT (+2.1 days) and had higher DFI (+0.03 kg/day) than Large White boars. At 110 kg market weight, performance tested gilts were older (+16.0 days), had higher DFI (+0.30 kg/day) and ADG (+0.056 kg/day), poorer FE (+0.31 g/g), higher ABFT (+1.12 cm), BL (+6.19 cm), SH (+2.72 cm), and RH (+3.35 cm). Landrace gilts were younger (-1.3 days) and had lower DFI (-0.03 kg/day) than Large White gilts.
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