Democratic deconsolidation revisited: Young Europeans are not dissatisfied with democracy
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Is democracy running out of steam? In recent years, politicians, pundits, and academics have voiced the idea that young citizens in industrialized democracies lack commitment to a democratic system of politics. This paper analyzes evaluations of democracy among over 350,000 Europeans between 2002 and 2017 and shows that – contrary to popular perceptions – young people are generally more satisfied with democracy than older citizens. Moreover, satisfaction with democracy has increased among Europeans of all ages. As long as citizens believe that democratic regimes work well in practice, it is doubtful that support for democracy will erode.Keywords:
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Abstract Indirect democracy is the political concept used to denote the organization of a government based on a democratic foundation, but with the actual decisions about government being made by representatives of the people. Indirect democracy is in contrast to the practice of “direct democracy,” where the people not only form the basis of the government but also actually make, administer, and judge the laws, the typical example given of direct democracy being the practice of ancient Athens, although Swiss cantons and New England town hall meetings are often held up as examples of almost pure direct democracies. In contrast, “indirect democracy” is representative democracy or rule by the people through their representatives.
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Introduction.- Democracy Within the State.- Varieties of Democracy Within the State.- Varieties of Democracy Beyond the State? The Case of the European Union.- Promoting Democracy in the New Europe.- Assessing Democracy in the New Europe.- Challenges to Democracy in the New Europe.- Democracy Within and Beyond the State: A Complementary Relationship.
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Inner-party democracy promoting the people's democracy is not only the summarization of experiences based on socialism democratic politics construction with Chinese characteristics,but also the strategic choice and effective approach in development of Chinese people's democracy,which is basically concerned with the crucial problem of persistence and improvement of Chinese political development.The reality of development in inner-party democracy can actuate the inner-party democracy to promote the people's democracy and the key is to realize the original mechanism in inner-party democracy.In the perspective of mechanism,the originality of inner-party democracy should start from direct and indirect democracy,which would guarantee the realization of the strategic goals based on inner-party democracy promoting the people's democracy.
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The system two ways of supervision and a type of compensation is a creative reform of the system of democratic supervision at the level of village. It will help to further democratic supervision at the level of village and rural democracy. But there are some problems in the system of democratic supervision in practice today,which influence its efficiency. Therefore some relative measures must be taken.
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This article focuses on democratic reform in Britain and the Netherlands since 1990. The question is whether the UK has become less 'majoritarian' and the Netherlands less 'consensual', as some have argued. If we look at the formalised institutions of the national system of representative democracy the overall conclusion is that convergence has been rather limited. But, if we extend our analysis to non-formal, sub-national and non-representative democratic institutions also, the picture becomes more nuanced. We also looked at traces of direct democracy. Our analysis shows that both countries have witnessed changes that incline to voter democracy (directly-majoritarian) and participatory democracy (directly-integrative), although the Dutch case exhibits a somewhat stronger tendency to participatory democracy than the British case. A general lesson to be drawn is that thinking in terms of pure types of democracy has become obsolete.
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In this article support for direct democracy and for stealth democracy in Finland is analysed. Stealth democracy represents a step towards a democracy in which there would be even less citizen involvement than in the representative form of today's democracy. The authors found that both options gained significant support among the Finnish electorate. Additionally, they found that it is mostly the same variables that contribute to the probability of citizens being supporters of either direct democracy or stealth democracy. It is the people with less education, who do not know much about politics and who feel that the current system does not respond to citizens' needs, that want change. The direction of change appears to be a matter of secondary interest. Political ideology affects which of the two options respondents favour. Right-wing citizens are more likely to favour stealth democracy. Citizens leaning to the left are more interested in direct democracy.
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There is an intense relationship between the operating system of administrative organs and the democracy of administrative legislation.The various limitations with traditional direct democracy and indirect democracy have lead to the necessity of direct democracy in administrative legislation.However,with the participation of the public in the autonomy of legislation direct democracy must make way for indirect democratic system.Meanwhile,since it is hard to solve the supervision problems in direct democracy,therefore a new democratic theory,namely consultative democracy,has been adopted in many countries.
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Direct democracy ahd reprexentative democracy are the two forms of democracy.Though direct democracy is fundamentallyunfeasible in real world,it has not retreaved from politics.Reprexentative democracy is the true choice of modern democratic states withsome negative factors restricting itself.To join direct democracy and representative democracy together is possible and feasible in political operation,but we should make direct democracy only as a premise or helpful supplement but not an alternative to representativedemocracy.
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이 글에서는 우리에게 도대체 ‘democracy’란 무엇인가에 대한 논의를 시작하고자 한다. 외래어인 이 단어의 의미를 흔히 ‘민주주의’로 번역하고 이해하면서 많은 오해를 가져왔다고 본다. 그렇기 때문에 이 글에서는 영어의 ‘democracy’를 민주주의나 민주정이 아닌 다수정으로 이해하는 것이 원래의 의미를 충분히 살릴 수 있다고 보며 이렇게 볼 때 ‘democracy’가 갖는 원리와 한계 및 함의를 살펴본다. 우리가 ‘democracy’를 민주정이 아닌 다수정으로 이해하게 되면, 우선은 ‘democracy’와 ‘republic’ 사이의 혼동을 피할 수 있으며 그와 동시에 ‘democracy’에 대한 보다 전통적인 이해에 충실할 수 있을 것이다. 우선 이 글은 ‘democracy’를 ‘민주’주의 또는 ‘민주’정이라고 이해하면서 생기는 용어상의 혼란을 ‘republic’의 번역과 대비하여 살펴보는 것으로 시작한다. 하지만 이러한 단순한 서양 용어의 번역 문제에 그치지 않고 나아가 다수정으로서의 ‘democracy’의 원리와 구체적인 의미를 살펴본다. 그 다음 절에서는 이렇게 다수정으로서 ‘democracy’를 이해할 때 생기는 한계점 내지 결함을 몇 가지 살펴본다. 마지막으로 논의를 요약하는 동시에 이러한 다수정으로서 ‘democracy’를 바라보는 입장이 우리나라 현실 정치에 어떤 함의를 갖는지를 숙고해 보는 것으로 결론에 대신하고자 한다.
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Today's China is a democracy,governed by an indirect democracy mechanism peppered with direct democracy elements,like villagers' autonomy,which is direct democracy practiced in grass-roots communities of the rural areas.This direct democracy is realized through village meetings,village delegates meetings,village voting committee and direct voting at village level.Despite its apparent merits,village direct democracy is not without flaws.
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