Stability of cytochromes c′ from psychrophilic and piezophilic Shewanella species: implications for complex multiple adaptation to low temperature and high hydrostatic pressure
Asako SukaHiroya OkiYuki KatoKazuki KawaharaTadayasu OhkuboTakahiro MarunoYuji KobayashiSotaro FujiiSatoshi WakaiLisa LisdianaYoshihiro Sambongi
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Keywords:
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Shewanella
Hydrostatic pressure
Extreme environment
The temperature characteristic for growth (μ) has been determined for an obligate psychrophile, Micrococcus cryophilus ATCC 15174, and its mesophilic mutants. The use of μ. for characterizing psychrophiles and mesophiles is discussed.Solute-transporting and energy-yielding systems were shown to be unrelated to maximum growth temperature.Endogenous respiration and the temperature characteristic of substrate oxidation were both found to be unsuitable as a means of characterizing mesophiles and psychrophiles. The temperature coefficient of substrate oxidation (Q 10 ), with reference temperatures set at 10 and 30 °C is suggested for this purpose, mesophiles having a higher value than psychrophiles.
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Obligate
Extremophile
Obligate anaerobe
Micrococcus
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Psychrophile
Mesophile
Facultative
Obligate
Extremophile
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Samples containing mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria from a natural thermal spring were inoculated into a medium made with the water of the same spring. The growth rate of the thermophilic microflora was higher but the mesophilic microflora produced more biomass than the thermophilic bacteria.
Mesophile
Hot spring
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Sinclair , N. A. (Washington State University, Pullman) and J. L. Stokes . Role of oxygen in the high cell yields of psychrophiles and mesophiles at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 85: 164–167. 1963.—Psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria produce maximal cell crops in stationary cultures at temperatures 10 to 20 C below those at which growth is most rapid. Our data indicate that O 2 is rapidly depleted to growth-limiting levels in stationary cultures, and that the higher cell yields at the lower temperatures are due simply to the increased solubility and, therefore, availability of O 2 . This conclusion is supported by the observation that equal cell crops are produced at high and low temperatures when cultures are vigorously aerated so that O 2 is not limiting, and also when facultative bacteria are grown anaerobically so that there is no O 2 to exert an effect.
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Facultative
Limiting
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SUMMARY A mesophilic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, grown at 30° and suspended to a concentration of equiv. 0·02 mg. dry wt/ml. in 30 mm-NaCl, showed rapid loss of viability when chilled rapidly from 30° to 0° or –2°. The viability of a psychrophilic pseudomonad, grown at 30°, did not decrease to the same extent when a dilute suspension (equiv. 0·02 mg. dry wt/ml.) was rapidly chilled from 30° to 0° or –2°. Concentrated suspensions (equiv. 3·0 mg. dry wt/ml.) of both the mesophile and the psychrophile released about the same proportion of total endogenous ultraviolet-absorbing compounds when rapidly chilled from 30° to 5°, 0° or –2°. Loss of viability following rapid chilling of a dilute suspension of the mesophile or the psychrophile was partly or completely prevented by 5 mm-Mg2+ and by bacteria-free filtrates from chilled concentrated suspensions of either bacterium. The viability of the bacteria grown at 10° did not decrease when dilute suspensions were rapidly chilled from 10° to –2°. Bacteria grown at 10° contained a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than bacteria grown at 30°. Fatty acid analyses showed that susceptibility of the mesophile and psychrophile to cold shock could be correlated with the contents of unsaturated fatty acids in their lipids.
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Strain (injury)
Suspension
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Psychrophile
Mesophile
Extremophile
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Mesophile
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Psychrophile
Mesophile
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The large proportion of earth’s biosphere (>70%) has cold environments in the form of ocean depths, glaciers, polar and alpine regions; and are dominated by psychrophiles. The ability of psychrophiles to proliferate in cold habitat is due to its unique capacity to transcribe, translate and synthesize cold-adapted enzymes which catalyses biochemical reactions at low temperature. The most of psychrophilic enzymes optimize their high activity at low temperature at expense of substrate affinity and reduction in free energy barrier of the transition state. Psychrophilic enzyme has optimum activity relatively at lower temperature than mesophilic and thermophilic counterpart. We have observed that there is no definite relation between Km value of psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic enzymes. It has also been observed that psychrophilic enzymes denatured at relatively faster and at lower temperature than mesophilic and thermophilic counterpart. In this review, attempts have been made to compile up to date advances in the field of psychrophilic enzymes and compare its characteristics with mesophilic and thermophilic counterpart.
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Extremophile
Cold climate
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