The Combination of Bifidobacterium breve and Three Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Modifies Gut Immune and Endocrine Functions in Neonatal Mice
Hirohisa IzumiTatsuya EharaHirosuke SugaharaTakeshi MatsubaraEri MitsuyamaYuki NakazatoMuneya TsudaTakashi ShimizuToshitaka OdamakiJin‐zhong XiaoYasuhiro Takeda
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Bifidobacterium breve
Prebiotic
Background: The total number of bacteria present in the gut microbiota of a newborn is consistently lower than the average found in adults, with the extent of this difference being directly related to body weight and age. It could be assumed that a lower number of viable probiotic cells is necessary to achieve significant gut colonization in infants and children. This study assessed the capability of Bifidobacterium breve B632 (DSM 24706) and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604), 2 strains able to significantly inhibit some gram-negative bacteria in vitro, to integrate into the intestinal microbiota of children. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy children aged an average of 5.7±2.6 were given an oily suspension containing B. breve B632 and B. breve BR03 for 21 consecutive days. The daily dose was 100 million live cells of each strain. Fecal specimens were collected and analyzed at the beginning (d0) and at the end of the study (d21). Total fecal bifidobacteria and coliforms have been quantified by microbiological plate counts. Results: A significant increase in total fecal bifidobacteria (from 8.99 to 9.47 log10 CFU/g, P=0.042) and a parallel decrease in total coliforms (from 8.60 to 7.93 log10 CFU/g, P=0.048) was recorded after 21 days of supplementation. Conclusions: An oily suspension has proved an effective way of providing probiotics to children. A lower viable cells concentration was sufficient to mediate this effect in the light of the fact that the intestinal microbiota of children harbors a considerably smaller amount of total bacteria compared with adults. In addition to gut colonization in healthy children, B. breve B632 and B. breve BR03 were able to decrease total fecal coliforms, therefore supporting their potential specific use in colicky infants.
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Fructan
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The increase in allergy prevalence observed in recent decades may be a consequence of early intestinal dysbiosis. The intestinal microbiota is formed in the first 1000 days of life, when it is particularly sensitive to various factors, such as the composition of the mother’s microbiota, type of delivery, infant’s diet, number of siblings, contact with animals, and antibiotic therapy. Breastfeeding and vaginal birth favorably affect the formation of an infant’s intestinal microbiota and protect against allergy development. The intestinal microbiota of these infants is characterized by an early dominance of Bifidobacterium, which may have a significant impact on the development of immune tolerance. Bifidobacterium breve is a species commonly isolated from the intestines of healthy breastfed infants and from human milk. This review outlines the most important environmental factors affecting microbiota formation and the importance of Bifidobacterium species (with a particular emphasis on Bifidobacterium breve) in microbiota modulation towards anti-allergic processes. In addition, we present the concept, which assumes that infant formulas containing specific probiotic Bifidobacterium breve strains and prebiotic oligosaccharides may be useful in allergy management in non-breastfed infants.
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Arabinoxylans are part of dietary fibre and have received attention given their emergent prebiotic character. Four arabinoxylans extracts were obtained from Argentinian soft and hard wheat. In vitro assays were performed to describe the extent to which the extracts from whole wheat flour support selective growth of Bifidobacterium breve and probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC23272 in a defined media. The prebiotic effect was evaluated by three quantitative scores: relative growth, prebiotic activity score and prebiotic index. For prebiotic index equation the growth of Bacteroides and Clostridium strains was compared to that of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria. All the arabinoxylans extracts supported the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, reaching higher prebiotic activity score values than inulin (0·37 and 0·36 for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium respectively). AX2 from soft wheat and AX4 from hard showed similar prebiotic index value to commercial inulin (2·64, 2·52 and 2·22 respectively), and AX3 extract presented higher prebiotic index value (4·09) than the positive control and other prebiotic index reported for arabinoxylans. These extracts could be used as prebiotic, synbiotic compositions or novel food prototypes to treat dysbiosis associated with many diseases. Significance and Impact of the Study The present work demonstrates that AX extracts from Argentinian soft and hard wheat promote efficiently the growth of probiotic strain L. reuteri ATCC23272 and B. breve 286, validated with three different parameters that consider the growth of representative strains of Bacteria genera found in the gut. The evaluation of AX extracts as a food supplement in a murine model could confirm their ability to modulate the microbiome. Novel food prototypes including AX and probiotics could relieve local symptoms and may act as psychobiotics with a beneficial effect on microbiome-brain axis.
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R studies have shown that the gut microbiota varies in both its composition (e.g. reduced levels of bifidobacteria and increased levels of less desirable bacteria) and its metabolic activity in obese individuals compared with lean individuals. It seems that microbiota can modulate host energy homeostasis and adiposity through a number of different mechanisms, including harvesting energy from food, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic inflammation, modulation of tissue fatty acid composition and gut-derived-peptide secretion. Modulation of the gut microbiota by dietary means is the basis for the probiotic and prebiotic concepts. The majority of scientific data on prebiotic effects comes from studies with either inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) or galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The capacity of these prebiotics to selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria, and in some cases lactobacilli, and elicit a significant change in the overall composition of the gut microbiota has been demonstrated repeatedly. With regard to obesity and related metabolic disorders, the majority of available data related to prebiotics comes from animal models and dietary supplementation with FOS. These studies suggest that prebiotics are able to regulate food intake and weight gain, glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia, steatosis and hypertension. However, one recent study looked at the effect of a unique second generation prebiotic GOS and found significant positive effects on microbiota, immune response and metabolic syndrome markers in overweight individuals. This presentation will aim to summarise the ‘obese microbiota’, its possible beneficial modulation through the use of prebiotics with the emphasis on the second generation prebiotic GOS. Jelena Vulevic, J Obes Weight Loss Ther 2013, 3:7 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7904.S1.012
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Fructan
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Abstract Background : It is known that the bifidobacteria flora play important roles in mucosal host defense and can prevent infectious diseases. Because bacterial populations develop during the first day of life, the authors examined whether the early administration of bifidobacteria has a positive effect on the health of low birth weight infants. Methods : The effects of oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) supplements were studied in a controlled trial with low birth weight infants (average birth weight 1489 g). The infants were divided into three groups: Group A and B received a dose of 1.6 × 10 8 cells of B. breve supplement twice a day, commencing either from several hours after birth (group A) or 24 h after birth (group B). Group C, the control group, received no supplement. Results : There were no significant differences in birth weight, treatment with antibiotics, and the starting time of breast‐feeding among the three groups. A Bifidobacterium ‐predominant flora was formed at an average of 2 weeks after birth in group A and at an average of 4 weeks after birth in group B, while no Bifidobacterium was isolated in eight out of 10 infants in group C during the observation period of 7 weeks. In comparison between group A and B, Bifidobacterium was detected significantly earlier in group A, and the number of Enterobacteriaceae present in the infants at 2 weeks after birth was significantly lower in group A. Conclusion : The results of the present study suggest that very early administration of B. breve to low birth weight infants is useful in promoting the colonization of the Bifidobacterium and the formation of a normal intestinal flora.
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