Dimethyl ether synthesis via captured CO2 hydrogenation within the power to liquids concept: A techno-economic assessment
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Dimethyl ether
The thesis looks at developments in capacity, energy efficiency and CO2 emissions of fossil power generation. Fossil fuel combustion for power generation is responsible for 27% of total greenhouse gas emissions emitted globally in 2005. It is estimated that by implementing best available technology for fossil power generation and thereby improving energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions of power generation could be reduced by 29%. This is if all fossil power plants would be replaced by best available technology and power generation would remain the same. With continuing trends however, greenhouse gas emissions from fossil power generation would grow by 95% in 2030. Energy efficiency improvement of fossil power generation alone is therefore not sufficient to compensate for the growth of fossil power generation, in case the current trend continues. This is confirmed by a case study for the EU. Despite climate targets, a large amount of new fossil capacity has been built and is planned. By placing new efficient production capacity, the efficiency of gas-fired generation in the EU increased from 34% in 1990 to 50% in 2005. For 2015, a further rise to 54% is expected. The efficiency of coal-fired power generation increased from 34% in 1990 to 38% in 2005 and is expected to increase to 40% in 2015. Despite these efficiency improvements, it is expected that greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 will have increased by 10% compared to 2005, due to an increase of fossil-fired electricity generation. It is also shown that a large portion of new capacity is not suitable for CO2 capture technology. It is estimated that CO2 capture can be applied to only 15-30% of power plants in 2030 in EU. The large amount of new fossil capacity makes it difficult to achieve greenhouse gas emission objectives. This is not only due to the limited ability to capture CO2 but also due to the long lifetime of these plants, which reduces the opportunity for renewable energy. Renewable energy is one of the main options for greenhouse gas emission reduction from electricity generation in addition to energy savings. This thesis shows the important role energy savings should play. Global electricity consumption in a business as usual scenario grows from 17 PWh in 2005 to 47 PWh in 2050. In a scenario where technical measures for energy efficiency improvement in demand sectors are implemented, electricity consumption would only grow to 22 PWh. This is a reduction of 53% in comparison to reference electricity consumption in 2050, but still a growth of nearly 30% in comparison to the 2005 level. Due to the limited potential of different options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it follows that a menu of options is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation, including energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy and CCS
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Dimethyl ether (DME) is an industrially important intermediate, as well as a
promising clean fuel, but the effective production through traditionally consecutive
steps from syngas to methanol and then to DME has been hindered by the poorly
organized structure of the conventional physical mixture catalyst. Here a Meso
structured Silica Alumina support on which the catalyst Cu-ZnO has been
impregnated was proposed to accomplish the DME direct synthesis from syngas. The
catalysts has been characterized by techniques like BET surface area (N2 adsorption
studies), Temperature programmed Desorption (NH3- TPD), Temperature
programmed Reduction (H2-TPR) and FTIR. Experimental set up and procedure for
the synthesis has been discussed. The results obtained in these characterizations has
been reported and analyzed.
Dimethyl ether
Thermal desorption spectroscopy
Temperature-programmed reduction
Partial oxidation
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The conversion of dimethyl ether(DME) has been carried out over $\gamma-alumina$ , silica-alumina, and modified $\gamma-aluminal$ catalysts. Especially, the water effect has been investigated on purpose to develop a suitable catalyst for one-step synthesis of DME from $CO_2$ hydrgenation, The $\gamma-Al_2O_3$ modified with 1 wt% silica is more active and less deactivated by water than unmodified one. $CO_2has$ no effect on catalytic dehydration of methanol to DME.
Dimethyl ether
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Dimethyl ether
Atmospheric temperature range
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The recent progresses in the catalysts for synthesis of dimethyl ether from methanol are reviewed,and the possible reaction mechanisms of gas-phase synthesis of dimethyl ether by the dehydration of methanol are also discussed briefly.
Dimethyl ether
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Abstract: In recent years, an increasing concern of environmental issues of emissions, in particular global warming and the limitations of energy resources has result din extensive research into novel technologies of generating electrical power. Generating electricity in present there is a shortage of fossil fuel, oil, gas, etc. burning of these fuels causes environmental problem like radio activity pollution, global warming etc. So that these (coal, oil, gas) are the limiting resources hence resulting new technology is needed for electricity generation, by using thermoelectric generators to generate power as almost promising technology and environmental free and several advantages in production.
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Environmental Pollution
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Dimethyl ether
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2020년까지 전 세계 수송에너지의 수요가 현재의 2배까지 증가할 것으로 예상되면서 석유 자원의 안정적 공급이 어려워지기 이전에 이를 대체할 수 있는 에너지원 개발이 시급하다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 최근 들어 대두되고 있는 가스화용융 기술은 석탄 폐기물 등으로부터 합성가스를 생산하는 고청정 고효율 기술이다. 여기에서 생산되는 합성가스는 천연가스를 대체하여 전기 및 화학원료를 생산하기 위한 원료로 이용 가능하다. 폐기물로부터 가스화용융기술을 통하여 생산되는 합성가스로부터 DME(dimethyl ether)를 생산할 수 있다. 가스화용융기술로부터 생산되는 합성가스는 자체의 일산화탄소와 수소의 조성비가 DME를 합성하는데 적당하다고 알려져 있다. DME는 에너지원의 다원화와 대기오염 물질의 저감, 지구온난화 대응 등과 아울러 제 4세대 수송 연료로 부각되고 있다. DME를 합성하는 방법은 합성가스로부터 메탄올의 합성 단계를 거친 후 DME를 합성하는 간접법과 단일단계의 반응에서 합성가스로부터 직접적으로 DME를 합성하는 직접법이 있다. 현재는 화학 평형적 측면 경제적 측면에서 이점을 가지고 있는 직접법에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. DME 직접합성법에서는 메탄올 합성 촉매와 메탄올 탈수촉매의 물리적 혼합에 의한 혼성촉매가 주로 이용되고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다 본 연구에서는 일산화탄소와 수소로 이루어진 합성 가스로부터 직접 DME를 생산할 수 있는 직접 합성 공정에 적용 가능한 고효율 촉매 기술을 개발하기 위해 상용촉매의 스크린 테스트를 수행하였다. 상용촉매로는 sud-chemi사에서 메탄을 합성 촉매와 탈수촉매를 각각 구입하였으며, 이들 촉매를 원하는 조성비로 물리적으로 혼합한 다음 반응온도 (250-290?C) 압력 (30-50 atm), H₂/CO 몰비 (0.5-2.0) 등의 다양한 반응조건 하에서 스크린 테스트를 수행하였다.
Dimethyl ether
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The thesis looks at developments in capacity, energy efficiency and CO2 emissions of fossil power generation. Fossil fuel combustion for power generation is responsible for 27% of total greenhouse gas emissions emitted globally in 2005. It is estimated that by implementing best available technology for fossil power generation and thereby improving energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions of power generation could be reduced by 29%. This is if all fossil power plants would be replaced by best available technology and power generation would remain the same. With continuing trends however, greenhouse gas emissions from fossil power generation would grow by 95% in 2030. Energy efficiency improvement of fossil power generation alone is therefore not sufficient to compensate for the growth of fossil power generation, in case the current trend continues. This is confirmed by a case study for the EU. Despite climate targets, a large amount of new fossil capacity has been built and is planned. By placing new efficient production capacity, the efficiency of gas-fired generation in the EU increased from 34% in 1990 to 50% in 2005. For 2015, a further rise to 54% is expected. The efficiency of coal-fired power generation increased from 34% in 1990 to 38% in 2005 and is expected to increase to 40% in 2015. Despite these efficiency improvements, it is expected that greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 will have increased by 10% compared to 2005, due to an increase of fossil-fired electricity generation. It is also shown that a large portion of new capacity is not suitable for CO2 capture technology. It is estimated that CO2 capture can be applied to only 15-30% of power plants in 2030 in EU. The large amount of new fossil capacity makes it difficult to achieve greenhouse gas emission objectives. This is not only due to the limited ability to capture CO2 but also due to the long lifetime of these plants, which reduces the opportunity for renewable energy. Renewable energy is one of the main options for greenhouse gas emission reduction from electricity generation in addition to energy savings. This thesis shows the important role energy savings should play. Global electricity consumption in a business as usual scenario grows from 17 PWh in 2005 to 47 PWh in 2050. In a scenario where technical measures for energy efficiency improvement in demand sectors are implemented, electricity consumption would only grow to 22 PWh. This is a reduction of 53% in comparison to reference electricity consumption in 2050, but still a growth of nearly 30% in comparison to the 2005 level. Due to the limited potential of different options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it follows that a menu of options is needed to cut greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation, including energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy and CCS
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