Assessment of Artemisinin Contents in Selected Artemisia Species from Tajikistan (Central Asia)
Sodik NumonovFarukh SharopovAminjon SalimovParviz SukhrobovSunbula AtolikshoevaRamazon SafarzodaMaidina HabasiHaji Akber Aisa
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Abstract:
Background: Central Asia is the center of origin and diversification of the Artemisia genus. The genus Artemisia is known to possess a rich phytochemical diversity. Artemisinin is the shining example of a phytochemical isolated from Artemisia annua, which is widely used in the treatment of malaria. There is great interest in the discovery of alternative sources of artemisinin in other Artemisia species. Methods: The hexane extracts of Artemisia plants were prepared with ultrasound-assisted extraction procedures. Silica gel was used as an adsorbent for the purification of Artemisia annua extract. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was performed for the quantification of underivatized artemisinin from hexane extracts of plants. Results: Artemisinin was found in seven Artemisia species collected from Tajikistan. Content of artemisinin ranged between 0.07% and 0.45% based on dry mass of Artemisia species samples. Conclusions: The artemisinin contents were observed in seven Artemisia species. A. vachanica was found to be a novel plant source of artemisinin. Purification of A. annua hexane extract using silica gel as adsorbent resulted in enrichment of artemisinin.Keywords:
Artemisia annua
Artemisia
Phytochemical
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L., is an effective antimalarial agent, especially for multi-drug resis- tant and cerebral malaria. To date, A. annua is still the only commercial source of artemisinin. The low concentration of artemisinin in A. annua, ranging from 0.01 to 0.8% of the plant dry weight, makes artemisinin relatively expensive and difficult to meet the demand of over 100 million courses of artemisinin-based combinational therapies per year. Since the chemical synthesis of artemisinin is not commercially feasi- ble at present, another promising approach to reduce the price of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs is metabolic engineering of the plant to obtain a higher content of arte- misinin in transgenic plants. In the past decade, we have established an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation sys- tem of A. annua, and have successfully transferred a number of genes related to artemisinin biosynthesis into the plant. The various aspects of these efforts are discussed in this review.
Artemisia annua
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Metabolic Engineering
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Artemisia annua
Artemisia
Terpene
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Artemisinin，首要的抗疟药药的关键成分，每年有大需求。本国的植物，生产 artemisinin 的小数量，作为它的主要来源留下并且因此导致 artemisinin 的短供应。加强的努力被执行了提高 artemisinin 生产。然而，经由在 artemisinin 生合成分支小径的 overexpressing 或下面调整的基因，平淡的新陈代谢的工程策略不是很有效的是需要。腺的能分泌的毛状体， Artemisia annua L 的表面上的 artemisinin 生合成的地点。（ A。annua ) ，是为增加 artemisinin 产量的新目标。一般来说，在 A 的腺的能分泌的毛状体的人口和形态学。annua (AaGSTs ) 断然经常与 artemisinin 内容被相关。AaGSTs 的改进理解将为增加导出植物的 artemisinin 使机会清楚些。在 A 的毛状体的这个评论文章愿望刷新分类。annua 并且关于 AaGSTs 和 artemisinin 提供最近的成就的概述。为了有 AaGSTs，与毛状体形态学被联系的因素和密度愿望的完整的理解，不得不进一步被调查，例如基因， microRNAs 和植物激素。这评论的目的到过(1 ) 更新在 AaGSTs 和 artemisinin 之间的关系的知识，并且(2 ) 建议新大街由利用潜在的 biofactories 增加 artemisinin 产量， AaGSTs。
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In our ongoing investigation into Artemisia annua for the treatment of malaria, we decided to study the possibility that synergism might enhance the efficacy of artemisinin. Our main objective was to test tea infusions and nonpolar extracts prepared from different A. annua varieties against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro in order to determine if synergism will increase the effectiveness of artemisinin in the samples as compared to pure artemisinin. We found that the IC50 of artemisinin in the tea and nonpolar extracts was not significantly different to the IC50 of pure artemisinin. We could show that the year and country of harvest or storage conditions did not have any influence on the activity and that it narrowly followed the concentration of artemisinin in all the extracts. In conclusion, based on these in vitro results, artemisinin seems to be the only active antiplasmodial compound in A. annua.
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The antimalarial active compounds in Artemisia annua include artemisinin, flavonoids, and aromatic oils. Artemisinin is the main antimalarial compound in A. annua, it used in the formulation of artemisinin-based combined therapies used to treat malaria. Artemisinin is largely obtained from A. annua plant but the content in it is very low and its production commercially is not cost effective worldwide. Flavonoids have a synergistic effect with artemisinin against malaria and are partly responsible for the prophylactic effect of A. annua herbal tea. Essential oils from A. annua are effective mosquito repellents. Most attempts have been made to try to raise artemisinin content. However, few or none has been tried to increase the flavonoids and aromatic oils. This article presents a review of various efforts that have been carried out to increase these antimalarial compounds.
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For this reason we utilize self-immobilized aggregate culture of Artemisia annua L. to produce Artemisinin, and primarily studied character of self-immobilized culture of Artemisia annua L. cell. Through determining, it find that this method can acquire 9-times quantity artemisinin more than normal method. Therefore this method may be possible became the best method of artemisinin produce.
Artemisia annua
Artemisia
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Artemisia annua
Sesquiterpene lactone
Metabolic Engineering
Antimalarial Agent
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Background: Central Asia is the center of origin and diversification of the Artemisia genus. The genus Artemisia is known to possess a rich phytochemical diversity. Artemisinin is the shining example of a phytochemical isolated from Artemisia annua, which is widely used in the treatment of malaria. There is great interest in the discovery of alternative sources of artemisinin in other Artemisia species. Methods: The hexane extracts of Artemisia plants were prepared with ultrasound-assisted extraction procedures. Silica gel was used as an adsorbent for the purification of Artemisia annua extract. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was performed for the quantification of underivatized artemisinin from hexane extracts of plants. Results: Artemisinin was found in seven Artemisia species collected from Tajikistan. Content of artemisinin ranged between 0.07% and 0.45% based on dry mass of Artemisia species samples. Conclusions: The artemisinin contents were observed in seven Artemisia species. A. vachanica was found to be a novel plant source of artemisinin. Purification of A. annua hexane extract using silica gel as adsorbent resulted in enrichment of artemisinin.
Artemisia annua
Artemisia
Phytochemical
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