Social impacts of homelessness and long-term occupancy on national forests and grasslands: A national study of U.S. Forest Service law enforcement officers
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Abstract Estimates of national forest recreation visitor spending serve as inputs to regional economic analyses and help to identify the economic linkages between national forest recreation use and local forest communities. When completing recreation-related analyses, managers, planners, and researchers frequently think of visitors in terms of recreation activity. When completing recreation visitor spending analyses we argue that visitors should be segmented based primarily on the type of recreation trip taken. Using survey data collected as part of the US Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring program we examine the efficacy of trip-type segmentation relative to one based on recreation activity. We show that spending averages developed for activity groups without regard to trip type provide an incomplete picture of recreation visitor spending. Ultimately, trip type is shown to have a greater role in influencing the level of recreation visitor expenditures than recreation activity. Implications for national forest planning and management are discussed.
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National forest
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Questions: What is the shape of occupancy trajectories in fossil organisms? And what is the effect of occupancy on species survival? Data studied: Occupancy and its course through time for a species in extinct large mammal communities from Italy. Search method: We tested if occupancy (the proportion of fossil sites representing a given paleocommunity where a species is present) patterns in extinct communities match a bimodal distribution as in living communities. Then we regressed occupancy on species duration to estimate its effect on long-term survival. We built a null model of random occupancy trajectories and compared it to real data. Conclusions: The occupancy–frequency distribution in extinct communities is either bimodal or right skewed. We found a positive relationship between high occupancy and species survival. We found peaked occupancy trajectories to be the norm for hoofed mammals at least.
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Abundance-occupancy relationships predict that species that occupy more sites are also more locally abundant, where occupancy is usually estimated following the assumption that species can occupy all sampled sites. Here we use the National Ecological Observatory Network small-mammal data to assess whether this assumption affects abundance-occupancy relationships. We estimated occupancy considering all sampled sites (traditional occupancy) and only the sites found within the species geographic range (spatial occupancy) and realized environmental niche (environmental occupancy). We found that when occupancy was estimated considering only sites possible for the species to colonize (spatial and environmental occupancy) weaker abundance-occupancy relationships were observed. This shows that the assumption that the species can occupy all sampled sites directly affects the assessment of abundance-occupancy relationships. Estimating occupancy considering only sites that are possible for the species to colonize will consequently lead to a more robust assessment of abundance-occupancy relationships.
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Many believe that Alaska is unique and that its location, resources, and population influence the use patterns and attitudes of its National Forest recreation visitors so that they seem notably different from visitors to other National Forests outside Alaska. Data from a recreation visitor survey called CUSTOMER were analyzed for the years 1991 to 1993 to identify signs of differences between recreation visitors to the Chugach National Forest and other selected National Forests outside Alaska. Although some significant differences do appear, a definitive conclusion may not be drawn from the existing CUSTOMER data. Alaska is popularly regarded as different from other States of the union, a view that encompasses beliefs about its geography, natural resources, cultural heritage, population, and lifestyle. Many assert that such characteristics influence or create different use patterns and attitudes among its recreation visitors (State of Alaska 1993, International Tourism and Resort Advisors 1993). In lieu of comprehensive and substantive data to the contrary, this basic assertion may have influenced the management plans and the activities of State and Federal recreation managers in Alaska, including those of the Chugach National Forest (CNF). But is outdoor recreation in CNF really different, and more importantly for its recreation managers, are recreation visitors there really different from those of National Forests outside Alaska? Addressing the latter issue is important to better meet the needs and desires of recreation visitors to CNF. Clearly, CNF is distinguishable from other forests in the National Forest. Two hundred miles across and the size of Massachusetts and Rhode Island combined, the 5.6 million-acre CNF is second in size only to Alaska's other National Forest, the Tongass. CNF is bounded to the north by the rock and ice of the Chugach Mountains and to the south by the 3,500 mile coastline of fjords and islands of the Prince William Sound. Despite its size, the vast majority of CNF is accessible only by small aircraft, boat, or foot. The natural and cultural resources of CNF seem unmatched elsewhere. Only 500 miles below the Arctic Circle, the climate supports dozens of active glaciers. Probably more wolves, bears, and bald eagles can be found in CNF than in any National Forest outside Alaska. Prince William Sound is itself a haven for a rich and diverse marine life, including several species of whale, sea lions, otters, as well
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A visitor survey was conducted at Ratcliff and Double Lake National Forest Recreation Areas to evaluate visitor characteristics and the effectiveness of interpretive services as a management tool. Two hundred eighty-two campers completed the visitor survey. A one hundred percent sample was attempted at both recreation areas every Sunday morning during July and August of 1991. Data from both recreation areas were analyzed and compared in order to determine any significant differences between visitors in each recreation area and also between visitors who attended or did not attend interpretive programs.
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National forest
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National forest
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To evaluate how forest management alternatives affect recreation visi tat ion, managers need to know both the changes in demand for the si tes being altered and the general changes in regional recreation trip production. This paper shows one way to obtain that information. Trip-generation models developed for the United States Forest Service’s national assessments of recreation are combined with si te-demand models to create a two-equation system. The system predicts visi tat ion changes stemming from changes in resource management. Empirical application is made to levels of road closure on Federal lands in the Columbia River Basin (U.S.A.). Acres of roaded National Forests affect both visitation to that forest and regional supply of recreation opportunities, which affects recreation trip generation.
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This paper describes an investigation of the effect on electric lighting demand of applying occupancy models of various resolution to climate-based daylight modelling. The lighting demand was evaluated for a building zone with the occupant always present, with occupancy corresponding to absence factors, based on an estimated annual mean occupancy, based on estimated 1-hour mean occupancy, and based on 2-min occupancy intervals. The results showed little difference in the annual electric lighting demand when the same occupancy profile was used every day, as opposed to when profiles were used where occupancy varied every day. Furthermore, the results showed that annual electric lighting demand was evaluated slightly conservatively when a mean absence factor was applied as opposed to using dynamic occupancy profiles.
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Electric light
Peak demand
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Occupancy
Post-occupancy evaluation
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