On-line monitoring of the gas composition in the Full-scale Emplacement experiment at Mont Terri (Switzerland)
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Gas composition
Bentonite
Noble gas
Difference of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) was degradated by 0.5% TiO2-bentonite and 0.5% reused TiO2-bentonite separately under 6 w ultraviolet lamp within 6h was compared.Original concentration of SDBS was 20 mg/L and the cause of difference was discussed.The results showed that:(1) Reduction of SDBS in solution which was treated by the TiO2-bentonite and by the reused TiO2-bentonite was 86.3% and 46.2% separately.Although the efficiency of reduction of SDBS treated by reused TiO2-bentonite was lower,the result showed that TiO2-bentonite can be reused.(2) Compared with the lattice structure of TiO2-bentonite,the lattice structure of reused TiO2-bentonite was not changed obviously.(3)Compare with the efficiency of SDBS reduced by TiO2-bentonite,its inefficient t reduced by reused TiO2-bentonite was that some of Ti in reused TiO2-bentonite was washed out when TiO2-bentonite was first used.(4) Contents of organic matter of reused TiO2-bentonite were higher remarkably than those of TiO2-bentonite.The longer time ultraviolet lamp shine,the lower contents of organic matter of reused TiO2-bentonite.SDBS was absorbed by TiO2-bentonite first,and then was degradated.(5) Concentration of SO42-in solution was higher when TiO2-bentonite was reused than that when TiO2-bentonite was first used.SO42-came mainly from degradation of SDBS.
Bentonite
Ultraviolet
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Coal bed methane is an emerging and prosperous unconventional energy source, encompassing highly variable (10-70%) mole fractions of methane gas along with other higher hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases.The gas pressure at the source is typically low, posing technical constraints in the gas separation process.In particular, separation of methane gas from this source is a topic of wider scientific interest.The present study demonstrates the ability of hydrate-based technology in trapping methane gas, in nitrogen (N 2 ) + methane (CH 4 ) gas mixture, using tetrahydrofuran (THF)-based hydrate-forming system at lower operating pressures (1.0 MPa).It is observed that the gas trapping is efficient and rapid.All the experiments were conducted at non-stirred condition, which is technically easy to achieve.Mole fraction of CH 4 was increased in proportion with N 2 , and it was found that methane gas uptake capacity in hydrate cages, increased progressively with increasing CH 4 concentration.Gas uptake kinetics was also found to be extremely fast and 90% of the gas consumed in hydrates within 50-60 min from hydrate nucleation.
Clathrate hydrate
Gas composition
Mole fraction
Fraction (chemistry)
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Health problems caused by aluminium salts have been recently reported. Various reports have mentioned the direct and indirect toxic effects of metals in the form of tumours, cancers, and allergies. In order to replace aluminium salts as adsorbents and coagulants, the capability of bentonite and combination of bentonite used as coagulants in wastewater treatment via adsorption, ion exchange, and coagulation-flocculation processes were investigated. The optimum conditions (pH and coagulants dosage) were identified for bentonite, the combinations of bentonite-zeolite, bentonite-alum, and bentonite-limestone. The investigation conducted found that bentonite can be a good coagulant which can absorb Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for 90.5% of removal. Based on the optimum dosage of the combinations of bentonite, bentonite-zeolite mixture gave high efficiency removal of iron (98%) and turbidity (95%) from others. Meanwhile, the bentonite-limestone mixture produced less sludge volume index and showed lowest zeta potential values. The zeta potential of treated bentonite and bentonite mixed were -26.7 mV for bentonite-alum, -20.7 mV for raw bentonite, -19.9 mV for bentonite-zeolite, and -17.6 mV for bentonite-limestone which demonstrated the coagulation and adsorption process occurred. On the other hand, the effects of contact time indicated that the adsorption capacity of combination bentonite was higher than raw bentonite.
Bentonite
Alum
Zeta potential
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The high quality Na-bentonite were prepared from low grade Ca-bentonite.The expanded times was 3.6 times of raw bentonite,the galotinous times was 2.2 times of raw bentonite.Main technical conditions effected on the quality of product were studied systematically.
Bentonite
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Noble gas
Gas composition
Krypton
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Under the reaction condition that/=2.4,polymerized hydroxyl Al ion prepared by Al3+ and alkali liquor and thereby inorgano pillared bentonite,organo pillared bentonite and inorgano-organo pillared bentonite prepared by acetyl trim ethylamine bromide(CTMAB).XRD result indicates that the interlayer spacing of bentonite is increased obviously and reaches to 1.9 nm or more.IR also indicated that Na-bentonite after polarization,pillaring species enter into the interlayer of bentonites.After studying the removing effect of inorgano-pillared bentonite,organo-pillared bentonite and inorgano-organo-pillared bentonite on the above four kinds of organism,the experimental result showed that the adsorption behavior of 3 kinds of pillared bentonites on organism is much better than raw bentonite.When dropping 0.2g,86.77%、97.26%、90.81% of nitrophenol was adsorbed.
Bentonite
Hectorite
Ethylamine
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On the basis of introducing the new progress in the studying on purified bentonite,activated bentonite,modified bentonite by cation-exchang reaction,preparation of organo-bentonite and inorgano-organo-bentonite.We summarized the problem of modifying bentonite and forsee the prospect of the modified-bentonite.
Bentonite
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This paper studies the purification of low class Ca-bentonite in Mongolia,treating the Ca-bentonite with wet process-centrifugal process to increase the percentage of montmorillonite from 56.4 to 90.3.In order to improve the whitening,we add HCl to the suspension.The effects of temperature,content of Na+ and reaction time on Cation Exchange Capacity are investigated by the orthogonal experiments,and the dominant factor is determined.Optimum technological parameters are obtained for purification and turning Ca-bentonite into Na-bentonite.X-ray diffraction(XRD) is utilized to analyze the structure of montmorillonite.The effect of turning Ca-bentonite into Na-bentonite is evident.
Bentonite
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Bentonite has been widely used in industry, agriculture and other fields as a kind of nonmetallic materials. In recent years, the continuous study and the application on bentonite have been further extended. This paper analyses the thermal effects of bentonite and organo-bentonite by thermal analysis method. The influence of organic compound on bentonite is studied via the reaction of bentonite with organic compound solution of different concentration.
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Fe3+ modified bentonite was firstly prepared by ion change method and Fe2+ modified bentonite was then synthesized by reduction of Fe3+-bentonite. The modified bentonites were characterized with XRD and SEM. The adsorption ability of Tetracycline (TC) of Fe3+-bentonite and Fe2+-bentonite was compared with raw bentonite. The catalytic activity of two Fe-bentonites used as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst are also examined. The resulted shows that both of Fe3+-bentonite and Fe2+-bentonite exhibited superior removal performance of TC. The removal capacities of Fe3+-bentonite and Fe2+-bentonite in the 400 mg/L TC solution reached 98.15% and 96.55%, respectively. The Fe3+-bentonite and Fe2+-bentonite remains 75% removal abilities after 3 rounds under Fenton condition. The mechanisms of adsorption and Fenton degradation of Fe modified bentonite were also discussed.
Bentonite
Degradation
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