Can the common fisheries policy achieve good environmental status in exploited ecosystems: The west of Scotland demersal fisheries example
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Whiting
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Gadidae
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Pelagic North Sea whiting Merlagius merlangus fed at night, while demersal whiting fed by day. The estimated specific daily ration ranged from 4·38 to 7·84% in 1992 and from 3·99 to 10·31% in 1993 using the in situ rate of gastric evacuation. Using Andersen's evacuation model the specific daily ration ranged from 0·41 to 1·66% in 1992 and from 0·78 to 1·75% in 1993. The specific daily rations were significantly different where energy density of stomach content by length class of whiting was significantly different between the two layers and years. The fact that daily ration was related to prey composition and energy density of the prey and spatial distribution of the whiting, demonstrates the need for a sampling design that includes both pelagic and demersal layers when quantifying the food consumption of whiting.
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This paper presents a quantitative approach to the study of fish behaviour in trawls with the aim of maintaining the catching efficiency of target species and reducing discards of unwanted bycatch. Differences in vertical distributions of species during passage through a trawl are used to sort the catch into separate compartments prior to size selection. It is demonstrated that behavioural differences may be utilized in separating species prior to size selection. Comparisons indicate that these patterns are consistent over replicate trials. Unlike cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), saithe (Pollachius virens), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) do not change their vertical preference longitudinally in the trawl.
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Pelagic North Sea whiting Merlangius merlangus preyed upon (pelagic) sprat and sandeel, while demersal whiting preyed upon (demersal) Norway pout and herring. Values of diet breadth were low for both feeding groups using Levin's index. Diet overlaps within layers were low ( D <0·25), while the between layer food overlap was moderate ( D =0·25–0·74) to high ( D >0·74) using Schoener's index. Selection of prey was density dependent. However, prey size also played an important role. The diet of whiting shifted from amphipods and mysids to fish with increasing predator length, and the length of prey consumed increased significantly with length of whiting. The fact that the stomach contents differed between the feeding groups demonstrates the need for a sampling design that includes both pelagic and demersal habitats when trying to quantify the diet of whiting.
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Pacific saury Cololabis saira were found in 24 out of 1314 stomachs of demersal fishes collected by bottom trawling at 245–393 m depths. The same area was occupied by the stick‐held dipnet fishery for saury, in which a landing limitation was enforced to avoid overfishing. The fish species containing saury were: Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus , walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma , and oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus . These demersal species would not encounter living saury naturally, which normally are distributed above thermoclines. The ingested saury were smaller than market size which suggests that the saury from fish stomachs were discarded by fishermen because of small sizes to maximize profits under the landing limitation. The scavenged saury made up 41.5, 24.6 and 77.7% of the diets of large‐sized (>30cm)Pacific cod, walleye pollock and oilfish, respectively in terms of DW composition. The extent to which discarded saury contributed to the total diet in the demersal fish assemblage, calculated by considering species composition and diets of bottom fishes, was 21.8% of the total diet. The discarded saury seemed to compensate the less productive feeding environment during autumn for the bottom fishes.
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Pacific saury Cololabis saira were found in 24 out of 1314 stomachs of demersal fishes collected by bottom trawling at 245–393 m depths. The same area was occupied by the stick-held dipnet fishery for saury, in which a landing limitation was enforced to avoid overfishing. The fish species containing saury were: Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, and oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus. These demersal species would not encounter living saury naturally, which normally are distributed above thermoclines. The ingested saury were smaller than market size which suggests that the saury from fish stomachs were discarded by fishermen because of small sizes to maximize profits under the landing limitation. The scavenged saury made up 41.5, 24.6 and 77.7% of the diets of large-sized (>30cm)Pacific cod, walleye pollock and oilfish, respectively in terms of DW composition. The extent to which discarded saury contributed to the total diet in the demersal fish assemblage, calculated by considering species composition and diets of bottom fishes, was 21.8% of the total diet. The discarded saury seemed to compensate the less productive feeding environment during autumn for the bottom fishes.
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MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 258:243-251 (2003) - doi:10.3354/meps258243 Factors determining variations in otolith microincrement width of demersal juvenile Baltic cod Gadus morhua K. Hüssy1,*, H. Mosegaard1, H.-H. Hinrichsen2, U. Böttcher3 1Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Charlottenlund Castle, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark 2Dept. Fishery Biology, Institute for Marine Research, University of Kiel, Düstenbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 3Institute for Baltic Sea Fisheries, An der Jägerbäk 2, 18069 Rostock, Germany *Email: kh@dfu.min.dk ABSTRACT: Pelagic and demersal juvenile Baltic cod Gadus morhua L. were collected on the slope and the top of Rønne bank in the Baltic Sea during 2 cruises in November and December 1998. The objective of this study was to evaluate distinct changes in otolith increment width observed in demersal juveniles by comparison with laboratory-reared individuals, and to investigate the factors determining variation in these increments. The different increment-width patterns were identified with a method based on the widths of consecutive increments. Otolith increment widths of juvenile cod were found to be highly variable within and between individuals, in both the experimental and the field samples. The first change in increment pattern observed in the field samples was related to settling. The formation periodicity of increments within the different pattern intervals was confirmed with a growth model based on otolith growth rates of juvenile cod reared in the laboratory under different conditions. In this model, otolith growth rate was expressed as a function of rearing temperature and fish dry weight. Otolith growth of the field samples was calculated using ambient temperatures obtained from a 3D-circulation model. The best fit to observed otolith growth rates was obtained under the assumption that fish on the slope performed daily vertical migrations between the warm surface layer and the cold bottom layer. The data suggested that fish stayed in the surface layer during the first increment-pattern interval, performed vertical migrations during the second interval, and stayed in association with the seafloor in the subsequent interval, corresponding to the time after the breakdown of the thermocline. KEY WORDS: Otolith microstructure · Daily increments · Juvenile cod · Baltic Sea Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 258. Online publication date: August 29, 2003 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2003 Inter-Research.
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