The associations between left-hand digit ratio (2D:4D) and puberty characteristics among Chinese girls
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Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Sexual dimorphism
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Abstract Hands and digits tend to be sexually dimorphic and may reflect prenatal androgen exposure. In the past years, the literature introduced several hand and digit measures, but there is a lack of studies in prepubertal cohorts. The available literature reports more heterogeneous findings in prepubertal compared to postpubertal cohorts. The comparability of the available studies is further limited by the study design and different measurement techniques. The present study compared the reliability and sex differences of available hand and digit measures, namely digit lengths of 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, digit ratios 2D:4D, 2D:5D, 3D:4D, 3D:5D, 4D:5D, relative digit lengths rel2, rel3, rel4, rel5, directional asymmetry of right and left 2D:4D (D r-l ), hand width, length, and index of 399 male and 364 female 6-month-old German infants within one study using only indirect and computer-assisted measurements. The inter-examiner reliability was excellent while the test-retest reliability of hand scans was only moderate to high. Boys exhibited longer digits as well as wider and longer hands than girls, but smaller digit ratios, with ratios comprising the fifth digit revealing the largest effect sizes. Other hand and digit ratios revealed sex differences to some extent. The findings promote the assumption of sexual dimorphic hand and digit measures. However, by comparing the results of the available literature, there remains an uncertainty regarding the underlying hypothesis. Specifically in prepubertal cohorts, i.e. before the influence of fluctuating hormones, significant effects should be expected. It seems like other factors than the influence of prenatal androgens contribute to the sexual dimorphism in hand and digit lengths.
Digit ratio
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OBJECTIVE To study the digit ratio of Maonan nationality in Guizhou.METHODS Physique measurements were used to study the digit ratios(2D︰ 3D,2D︰ 4D,2D︰ 5D,3D ︰ 4D,3D ︰ 5D,4D ︰ 5D) of left and right hands of 534 children(275 boys,259 girls) of the Maonanbetween ages of 7 and 14 years living in Guizhou.RESULTS The mean values of digit ratios presented a trend as:2D︰3D﹤2D︰4D﹤3D︰4D﹤2D︰5D﹤4D︰5D﹤3D︰5D.Girls had higher mean values than males.CONCLUSION There is sexual difference in digit ratio,and children' s digit ratio is not related to age.
Digit ratio
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Han nationality
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Abstract Objective Sex differences are often reported in digit lengths and digit ratio (2D:4D). However, the ontogeny of these sex differences and their interrelationships are less well known. Methods We considered sex differences in the lengths of the 2nd (2D) and 4th (4D) digit and 2D:4D in children aged 2 to 18 years (Sample I, n = 680) and adults aged 18 to 30 years (Sample II, n = 89,246). Digit length was determined by direct experimenter‐measurement (Sample I) and direct self‐measurement (Sample II). The data were tested with two‐factor ANOVA's (sex and year‐group). Results In both samples, there were significant main effects of sex and year‐group, and a significant interaction effect on digit length. Digit length was positively related to age in both samples. Boys had longer digits than girls but only after 13 years. Men had longer digits than women and the dimorphism increased from 18 to 30 years. There were significant sex differences in 2D:4D (males < females), but no significant effect of age and no interaction effect of age and sex on 2D:4D in children or adults. Conclusions Between 2 and 30 years, the lengths and the sexual dimorphisms of 2D and 4D are dependent on age. In contrast, 2D:4D is not age‐dependent. We discuss our findings in the context of the ontogeny of digits and in the light of recent claims on the presence of static allometry in 2D and 4D lengths.
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Objective To investigate the association of the digit ratios and polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) and its clinical and metabolic characters in Ningxia.Methods Fingers' length was measured using an electronic vernier calliper from photocopies of the ventral surface of the hand,for each finger of both hands.Digit ratios were assessed among woman with(192 cases) and without PCOS(110 cases) according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria among patient population.Results The digit ratios gradually decreased from 2D∶3D to 2D∶4D,2D∶5D,3D∶5D and 4D∶5D in both hands;each digit ratios showed significantly higher trend in right hand than that in left hand in groups with and without PCOS.Conclusion The characters of lower 2D∶4D in left hand and all higher digit ratio in right hand among PCOS patients population in Ningxia is different from other population.Digit ratios are associated with PCOS and its some clinic and metabolic characters.
Digit ratio
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Sexual dimorphism in ventrally measured digit ratios (2D:4D and other) has been related to prenatal sex-hormone levels. In the present series of three studies, we measured all digit lengths (excluding the thumb) on the dorsal, rather than the ventral, side of left and right hands and investigated the sexual dimorphism in digit ratios in three independent samples, two of them comprising adults (Study I, N = 104; Study II, N = 154), and one further, comprising kindergarten children (Study III, N = 64). Results show that men have lower digit-ratio values compared to women in digit ratios that include digit 5 as one of the constituents of the ratio (i.e., the 4D:5D, 3D:5D, and 2D:5D ratios). Boys have lower values compared to girls for the 4D:5D and 3D:5D ratios, and there is a similar trend of sexual dimorphism in the 2D:5D ratio. Thus, based on the evidence from dorsally measured digit ratios, the present findings from three samples are consistent with the idea that early sex-hormonal effects might be stronger for digit ratios involving digit 5, as compared to the classic, and frequently studied, ventrally measured 2D:4D ratio.
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Sexual dimorphism
Sex characteristics
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Several studies have shown the importance of anthropometric measurements as a veritable tool in forensic science, crime detection, as well as a means of studying variations in human populations.The present study focused on using digit lengths and ratio to determine sports skills.A total of 270 female subjects comprising of sports and non-sports participants were measured.Seventy of which were non-footballer athletes, 100 were footballer athletes, and 100 were nonsports participants.The second and fourth digits of their right and left hands were measured using a digital vernier caliper.The data obtained from the participants were analyzed by SPSS.Subjects who participated in football also possessed athletic skills, hence both have similar traits.This study has shown that athletic and football skills are similar, as the values obtained from the above parameters were not significant at p<0.05.The results showed that digit ratio is not a good tool for determining sport skills, as compared to digit lengths (2D and 4D).No difference was observed between the digit ratio of the sports participants and those of non-sports participants.Digit lengths (2D and 4D) were found to be significant determinants of sports, with sports groups showing significantly shorter digits.Therefore, the findings of this study suggest an association between digit lengths and sporting abilities.
Numerical digit
Digit ratio
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The present research examined whether differential placing of the basal flexion creases contributes to the occurrence of sex differences in digit ratio (2D:4D) derived from palmar digit lengths. The ratio of palmar-to-dorsal digit length, a measure of the placing of the basal flexion crease in the finger, was derived for the digits 2 and 4 of the right hand in two independent samples (Study I: N = 100; Study II: N = 200), in accordance with discovery-replication sample approach. The results show that men have lower palmar-to-dorsal digit ratios than women, and this effect is significantly stronger for digit 2 than for digit 4. Thus, the present study supports the likelihood that differential placing of flexion creases in the digits contributes to the occurrence of sex differences in palmar 2D:4D. In addition (Study II), the measurement procedure assessing the placing of flexion creases was validated. In conclusion, this evidence highlights potential conceptual shortcomings and technical limitations in the measurement conventions and methods currently employed in the field of 2D:4D research.
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Replication
Basal (medicine)
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Sexual dimorphism in ventrally measured digit ratios (2D:4D and other) has been related to prenatal sex-hormone levels. In the present series of three studies, we measured all digit lengths (excluding the thumb) on the dorsal, rather than the ventral, side of left and right hands and investigated the sexual dimorphism in digit ratios in three independent samples, two of them comprising adults (Study I, N = 104; Study II, N = 154), and one further, comprising kindergarten children (Study III, N = 64). Results show that men have lower digit-ratio values compared to women in digit ratios that include digit 5 as one of the constituents of the ratio (i.e., the 4D:5D, 3D:5D, and 2D:5D ratios). Boys have lower values compared to girls for the 4D:5D and 3D:5D ratios, and there is a similar trend of sexual dimorphism in the 2D:5D ratio. Thus, based on the evidence from dorsally measured digit ratios, the present findings from three samples are consistent with the idea that early sex-hormonal effects might be stronger for digit ratios involving digit 5, as compared to the classic, and frequently studied, ventrally measured 2D:4D ratio.
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Sexual dimorphism
Sex characteristics
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This study examines the relationship of finger ridge-counts to second to fourth digit ratio, which has not yet been definitively demonstrated. The related question of sex dimorphism in finger ridge-counts is further elucidated.A sample of Germans, including 1134 males and 1031 females, was examined for sex dimorphism in the finger ridge-counts. Second and fourth digit lengths were measured in a sub-sample of 91 males and 100 females to compute second to fourth digit ratio. Principal component scores were obtained to investigate sex dimorphism and the correlation between ridge-counts and digit ratio. Regression and analysis of covariance were used to investigate relationships.Males generally have higher ridge-counts than females but subtle dimorphic features emerge from the principal components, such as a contrast between digits 2 and 4, suggesting a ratio analogous to the digit ratio. The most dimorphic feature is digit 1 directional asymmetry, males exhibiting a stronger right bias than females. Digit ratio is significantly related to four principal components, expressing various contrasts among digits. Other relationships involve contrasts between digits 3 and 5 and asymmetry on digit 2.This paper provides definitive evidence that finger ridge-counts correlate with second to fourth digit ratio. The most important finding is that associations of ridge-counts with digit ratio do not involve commonly used summary counts over all digits. Rather, associations act more locally, in ways paralleling the digit ratio, in others reflecting asymmetry. The results support the idea that prenatal sex hormones affect finger ridge-counts.
Digit ratio
Numerical digit
Sexual dimorphism
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