Nanozymes with intrinsic peroxidase-like activities
Farnoosh AttarMahsa Ghofrani ShahparBehnam RastiMajid SharifiAli Akbar SabourySeyed Mahdi RezayatMojtaba Falahati
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Abstract Materials and their assemblies of dimensions down to a few nanometers have attracted considerable scientific interest in physical, chemical, and biological sciences because of unique properties not available in their bulk counterparts. The Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique allows rigid nanomaterials to be aligned in particular structures through a flexible assembly process at liquid interfaces. In this review, we summarize the development of assembly of hard nanomaterials using soft LB techniques. An initial summary of the basic features of nanomaterials will include dimension‐related effects, synthesis, characterization, and analysis, and will be followed by examples of LB assemblies of nanomaterials described according to their morphology: nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanosheets. Some of the nanomaterials have been fabricated in orientation‐controlled morphologies, and have been incorporated into prototype devices for gas sensing and photocurrent transport. In the final part of this review, the challenges remaining for LB techniques of hard nanomaterials will be overviewed, and will include a comparison with the widely‐used LB technique involving soft materials.
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In recent years,it is of great theoretical and practical value to make a research on electrochemical biosensors.People are paying more and more attention to the preparation of biosensors based on nanomaterials,and the nano-technology has provided infinite imagination space for the development of electrochemical biosensors.Nanomaterials not only have the excellent physical,chemical and electrocatalytic properties,but also show the quantum size effect and surface effect,which can improve the electrochemical biosensors obviously to a new and high level.Therefore,the electrochemical biosensors based on nanomateirals show many excellent performances,such as smaller volume,faster speed,higher sensitivity and better stability,etc.According to their structures,the nanomaterials can be divided into three categories,e.g.zero-dimentional,one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials.In this article,the development and application of electrochemical biosensors based on following nanomaterials,zero-dimensional nanoparticles(such as metal nanoparticles,quantum dots,magnetic nanoparticles,etc.),one-dimensional nanomaterials(nanotubes,nanowires and nanorodes) and two-dimensional nanostructured thin films(like graphene) were reviewed.78 related references were cited in this review.
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Materials at nanometer scale with special attributes like compact size, large surface ratio, and quantum effect are quite distinct from their bulk counterparts. With the advancement of nanoscience and nanotechnology, innumerable inorganic nanomaterials including semiconductor, metal or metal oxide and carbon, nanomaterials have been designed. The optical, physiochemical, electrical, and biological features of gold nanomaterial make it one of the most widely employed nanomaterials. Gold Nanoparticles have a long history in chemistry, going all the way back to the ancient Roman era when they utilized to decorate glasses by staining them. Since the physicochemical properties of gold nanomaterials can be modified by modifying their structural dimensions attained by various fabrication processes, gold nanomaterials are suitable contender for colorimetric analysis, biosensor, photothermal transducers and imaging. For decades, scientists have been studying the controlled fabrication of gold nanomaterials as their characteristics and function are extremely reliant on the shape and dimensions of the particle. Gold nanomaterials have shown its potential use in numerous fields like biomedicine and biosensors due to their controllable synthesis steps, lower toxicity, high biocompatibility, adjustable optoelectrical properties, and uncomplicated surface modification. These advantages make gold Nanomaterials suitable for a wide range of applications, from the biomedical to the energy and environmental sectors. The application section of this review includes a summarized synopsis of these applications in broader terms. In terms of shape, this paper covers a variety of synthetic methods for producing different gold nanomaterials. The morphologies of gold nanomaterials which includes nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoclusters, nanowire, nanoflower and nanosphere have also been discussed in this paper with the emphasis of recent research projects.
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