Expanding Disparity and Polarization of Metropolitan Areas after 1980s:
3
Citation
1
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
In Japan, expansion of economic disparity started at about 1980. This expansion was accompanied by the polarization of Metropolitan Areas. In Tokyo, economic disparity of 23 wards expanded rapidly in 80s. However this disparity reduced temporarily in first half of 90s, because of collapse of bubble economy, expanded again in last half of 90s, and expansion continues until today. In this processes of expansion of economic disparity, socio-spatial structure of Tokyo has changed. On the base of 4-classes scheme, which consists of capitalist, new middle, working and old middle classes, these changes are analysed. From 80s, old middle class dramatically decreased in whole area of Tokyo, especially in central and inner city areas. And in 90s, capitalist class started to decrease in whole area of Tokyo, especially in central area. In these processes, composition of old middle class and capitalist class changed, from family business to one-man management and corporate business. In the result, population of central and inner city area decreased in 80s and 90s. In 00s, new middle class started to flow in central and inner city areas. They filled up the blank of old middle class and small capitalist class, and became the new central player of Tokyo. However this chain of processes can be called gentrification, in the sence that there was some time lag between the exit of old player and emergence of new player, this may be called ‘time-lagged gentrification', which means bloodless revolution by new middle class.Keywords:
Gentrification
Central city
Topics:
In recent years, the Aboriginal population of Canada has been increasing at a faster rate than the non-Aboriginal population. Between 1996 and 2001, the non-Aboriginal population of Canada increased by 8.58%, while the Aboriginal population increased by 19.98%. About 35.9% of the Aboriginal population lives in the 23 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) of Canada, a proportion that has not changed since 1996 (Statistics Canada 2003). Though this is lower than the 62.5% of non-Aboriginal Canadians who live in metropolitan areas, it is clear that Aboriginal people have a large presence in Canadian urban areas. This situation is likely to continue, and, in fact, the urban Aboriginal population can even be expected to increase (Peters 2000). A notable feature of the growth of the metropolitan Aboriginal population is its unevenness across the country. Some smaller metropolitan areas in Quebec, such as Sherbrooke, Chicoutimi, and Trois-Rivieres, experienced negative growth, and even Montreal experienced lower-than-average population growth of Aboriginals (Table 16.1 – page 264). The two largest CMAs (Toronto and Vancouver) also exhibited below-average growth at around 11% during the last decade. In comparison, some metropolitan areas in southwestern Ontario and in the western provinces showed greater than average Aboriginal population growth. Kitchener, Windsor, and Calgary each showed increases of more than 40% over the last ten years. The three metropolitan areas with the highest proportional populations of Aboriginal origin (about 10%) are Winnipeg, Regina, and Saskatoon. They did not show greater-than-average growth in their Aboriginal populations. Evidently, the Aboriginal population of Canada is redistributing according to changing migration patterns. The causes for this redistribution could be many, such as local economic conditions, the proximity of reserves to metropolitan areas, and the dynamics of on-reserve/off-reserve living conditions in the different provinces. Our primary interest in this study is not so much the broader spatial patterns of the Aboriginal population, but rather their patterns within metropolitan areas at the small area level. Aboriginals in Canada have their distinct cultures and
Cite
Citations (1)
This thesis presents evidence that income polarization is accompanied by increasing social-spatial disparities between areas of the city that were developed in different societal contexts, with different planning approaches, and that have different land use and transportation dynamics. An analysis of the social structure of the Toronto Metropolitan Area finds indications of widespread gentrification in the inner city, socioeconomic decline in the postwar
suburbs, and sustained household affluence in the ever expanding outermost suburbs of the metropolitan area. It is argued that, as a political and social endeavor that is embedded in broader development regimes, urban planning influences social-spatial polarization to the extent that it influences urban form.
Gentrification
Cite
Citations (0)
The medium-sized municipalities and their cities having been drawing attention lately due to their population growth and the new functions they perform, especially as articulators of the deconcentration of economic activity and population dispersion, as they contribute to the development of urban agglomerations of the urban network of non-metropolitan regions. This study presents an analysis of the medium-sized municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), introducing the debate about the processes of urbanization and population concentration in a regional context. Demographic data of the municipalities of RS were analyzed, with emphasis on population growth from 2000 to 2010. A process of population concentration was identified in urban agglomerations and in larger cities. In addition to the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, with the largest population concentration, there is a polarization of urbanization over the territory, whose spatial distribution is largely due to the non-metropolitan medium-sized municipalities. The data analyzed indicate that the medium-sized municipalities have obtained a considerable population contribution in the last decades, which leads us to reflect on the transformations of the urban space that they experience, considering that the demographic size provides greater intensity and complexity in the socio-spatial dynamics of the intra-urban spaces of these cities. The demographic, economic and urban growth experienced by these medium-sized municipalities has also contributed to changes in the regional urban dynamics of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as in the dynamics of organization and functioning of its urban network.
Urban agglomeration
Cite
Citations (0)
It has become fashionable to argue that the preferences and choices of Americans living in metropolitan areas are changing.1 Contemporary middle and upper-class Americans, the argument goes, no longer want to live in suburban subdivisions, work in office parks, and shop in en closed malls. One-third of all homeowners now express a preference for living in compact urban settings or in older suburbs with an urban feel.2 The phrase demographic inversion has been used to suggest that the well-to-do are blending into the center-city while the poor are joining the middle and upper classes on the metropolitan outskirts.3 These descriptions of change in American metropolitan areas are at best only partially true. Gentrification, the process through which older parts of the center-city are redeveloped for condominiums, restau rants, and stores appealing to the middle and upper classes, has surely had an impact on many cities.4 However, while some degree of gentri fication has taken place in most downtown areas, the great majority of middle and upper-class Americans continue to live on the outskirts of the center-cities and even more so in the surrounding suburbs. In larger metropolitan areas the fastest population growth has occurred in the second and third rings of suburbs, in new communities that not long
Upper class
Gentrification
Downtown
Central city
Underclass
Cite
Citations (1)
Polycentricity
Cite
Citations (45)
As a rising metropolitan region,the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region has an extremely important strategic position in the regional development pattern of China.During the past several decades,the spatial structure of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region has greatly changed.The research on that can not only help reveal the spatial characteristics of the regional economy,and the trends of their evolution,and determine the regional development stage,but also bear important implications for regional planning.Agglomeration and dispersion of population are the fundamental reasons for the evolution of regional spatial structure.People are the main micro-economic actors,so the authors choose the evolution of the spatial distribution of population as the research focus.This paper analyzes the population growth of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region from 1990 to 2000.By using three classes of variables,this paper studies the influencing factors on the population growth of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region and its disparity.Three main conclusions are as follows:(1) The population grows faster in the southern part of the region than in the northern part.The distribution of population densities shows that the agglomeration of population in the region has become more evident.(2) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan region has a polycentric spatial structure.There exist two high-density corridors within the region in 1990(the Beijing-Tianjin corridor,and the Beijing-Baoding-Shijiazhuang corridor),and three(with the Beijing-Tangshan corridor as the newly added one) in 2000.(3) The econometric analysis indicates that the natural conditions and the economic factors have significant impacts on the population growth.The lower elevation values,the faster growth rates of per capita GDP,the faster development of the tertiary industry and the larger market potentials can lead to the faster population growth.The model also shows that although both the natural conditions and the economic factors have important impacts on the population growth,the influences of the latter are much greater.
Urban agglomeration
Cite
Citations (12)
A study of selected characteristics of the larger suburbs located within the metropolitan areas of the United States in 1950 reveals a number of differences between industrial and residential suburbs. The characterictics reviewed include (1) regional location, (2) size of population of the central city, (3) size of population of the suburb itself, (4) age of the suburb, (5) position of the suburb within the metropolitan area, (6) distance between the suburb and the central city, and (7) level of rents in the suburb.
Central city
Economic rent
Cite
Citations (22)
The necessity of a management for a metropolitan has long intrigued many urban scholars and researchers who are interested in Busan metropolitan spatial structure and its problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic changes of spatial structure in Busan Metropolitan by analyzing the population, employment and Land prices, for the period of 1993, 2001. The major results in this study are as follows; While main-centers have experienced significant loss of population, sub-centers have been growing. Jung-Ang Dong still has high accessibility in population potentials, but its accessibility has declined since 1993. Pu-Jeon Dong had increasing trend of population until 2000, but its population has also descended since that time. Meanwhile, the population of sub-centers has increased in its accessibility. And The spatial pattern of the population in Busan has changed from monocentric to polycentric. This phenomenon was almost spontaneously generated from population dispersion from existing main-centers. In terms of change of land values are there is a spatial and temporal rhythm in the urbanization of Busan. The highest land value in Busan is shown in CBD. The development of Busan proceeded along the north-south belt and extended to west Busan.
Cite
Citations (0)
Internationally,changes of population spatial pattern within metropolitan area can modify the relation between the central city and the suburb area,with political,economic and societal gravity gradually shifting to the suburb area.Changes of the kind of relation further influence the development of the whole metropolitan area.Since the 1990s,similar changes of population spatial pattern have happened in some Chinese metropolitan cities,which contribute to a new form of relation between central city and the suburb area.
Central city
Cite
Citations (0)
TRENDS OF POLICENTRISM AND FRAGMENTATION IN LISBON - In this paper, we study the transformations of the spatial organisation of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The main focus is on the present restructuring dominated by three main processes. Firstly descentralisation of housing and economic activities, secondly development of new centralities, high status areas with very good accessibility and great attractivity, mainly occupied by office buildings or mixed-used developments (offices, retail, hotel, luxury apartments) in the inner city or close to new suburban highways; and, finally, selective gentrification and re-use of the central city, either by high income housing or modern services.The evolution outlined can achieve the replacement of a strong centralised metropolis with uequal distribution of employment and services between metropolitan core and suburban rings by a new multicentered structure. This evolution goes along with the transmition from the industrial to the post-industrial city that brings fragmentation of the socio-spatial structure with a juxtaposition of territories. In the economic sense the city loses its functional unity made of interdependent spacialised territories. In the social sense this reflects the rise in the number and differentiation due to the increase of opportunities and choices once the position in the labor market is no more sufficient to define social position and people look for and build their identification through goods, places and their symbols.
Gentrification
Restructuring
Fragmentation
Position (finance)
Central city
Cite
Citations (17)