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    The Hydrothermal Reaction and Kinetic of Enargite
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    The catalytic mechanism of Ag+ for chalcopyrite bioleaching by mesophilic culture (at 30 °C) and thermophilic culture (at 48 °C) was investigated using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and S K-edge and Fe L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Bioleaching experiments showed that copper extraction from chalcopyrite bioleaching by both cultures was promoted significantly by Ag+, with more serious corrosion occurring on the minerals surface. SR-XRD and XANES analyses showed that the intermediates S0, jarosite and secondary minerals (bornite, chalcocite and covellite) formed for all bioleaching experiments. For these secondary minerals, the formation of bornite and covellite was promoted significantly in the presence of Ag+ for both cultures, while Ag+ has almost no effect on the formation of chalcocite. These results provided insight into the catalytic mechanisms of Ag+ to chalcopyrite bioleaching by the mesophilic and thermophilic cultures, which are both probably due to the rapid formation of bornite by Ag+ and the conversion of bornite to covellite.
    Bornite
    Covellite
    Chalcocite
    Copper extraction techniques
    Jarosite
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    Generally, the complex sulfide ores are mainly composed of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite accompanied with many kinds of copper minerals such as chalcocite, covellite, bornite, tetrahedrites and enargite etc.In the separation process their flotation characteristics are different even among the copper minerals. It is very important to catch the flotation behaviours in order to recover the minerals effectively.Floatabilities of chalcopyrite, chalcocite and covellite are comparatively high under the condition of sulfite or sulfur dioxide flotation, however, tetrahedrites and bornite distinctly show low floatabilities. The latter are difficult to recover into copper concentrate for the floatabilities are similar to pyrite or sphalerite.Many flotation tests were conducted for a long time in our laboratory and then separation procedure of the copper minerals has successfully developed and consequently the copper recovery was remarkably increased.It was found that cyanides show an excellent effect in the separation system, some flotation performances and their conditions were described.
    Bornite
    Chalcocite
    Covellite
    Copper sulfide
    Sulfide Minerals
    Copper extraction techniques
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