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    Abstract:
    Abstract Exosomes, a type of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. However, the molecular mechanism by which proteins are sorted to sEVs is not fully understood. Here, we report that ubiquitin-like 3 (UBL3)/membrane-anchored Ub-fold protein (MUB) acts as a posttranslational modification (PTM) factor that regulates protein sorting to sEVs. We find that UBL3 modification is indispensable for sorting of UBL3 to MVBs and sEVs. We also observe a 60% reduction of total protein levels in sEVs purified from Ubl3 -knockout mice compared with those from wild-type mice. By performing proteomics analysis, we find 1241 UBL3-interacting proteins, including Ras. We also show that UBL3 directly modifies Ras and oncogenic RasG12V mutant, and that UBL3 expression enhances sorting of RasG12V to sEVs via UBL3 modification. Collectively, these results indicate that PTM by UBL3 influences the sorting of proteins to sEVs.
    Keywords:
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Proteome
    Cell Sorting
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid vesicles in a size range of 20–1000 nm; often, these are classified as smaller and larger EVs in the literature or also commonly called small EVs (“exosomes”) and medium/large EVs (“microvesicles”) [...]
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Extracellular vesicles
    Lipid vesicle
    Microvesicle
    Exosome
    Citations (1)
    (2012). The launch of Journal of Extracellular Vesicles (JEV), the official journal of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles – about microvesicles, exosomes, ectosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles: Vol. 1, No. 1, 18514.
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Extracellular vesicles
    Exosome
    Microvesicle
    Citations (20)
    Interest in extracellular vesicles and in particular microvesicles and exosomes, which are constitutively produced by cells, is on the rise for their huge potential as biomarkers in a high number of disorders and pathologies as they are considered as carriers of information among cells, as well as being responsible for the spreading of diseases. Current methods of analysis of microvesicles and exosomes do not fulfill the requirements for their in-depth investigation and the complete exploitation of their diagnostic and prognostic value. Lab-on-chip methods have the potential and capabilities to bridge this gap and the technology is mature enough to provide all the necessary steps for a completely automated analysis of extracellular vesicles in body fluids. In this paper we provide an overview of the biological role of extracellular vesicles, standard biochemical methods of analysis and their limits, and a survey of lab-on-chip methods that are able to meet the needs of a deeper exploitation of these biological entities to drive their use in common clinical practice.
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Diagnostic biomarker
    Lab-on-a-Chip
    Extracellular vesicles
    Exosome
    Citations (121)
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-bound vesicles secreted by cells. Subtypes of EVs such as microvesicles and exosomes are further categorized mainly by their different biogenesis mechanisms. EVs have been revealed to play an important role in disease diagnosis and intercellular communication. Despite the wide interest in EVs, the technologies for the purification and enrichment of EVs are still in their infancy. The isolation of EVs, especially exosomes, is inherently challenging due to their small size and heterogeneity. In this review, we mainly introduce the advances of techniques in isolating microvesicles and exosomes according to their approaches. Also, we discuss the limitations of currently reported technologies in terms of their specificity and efficiency, and provide our thoughts about future developments of EV purification and enrichment technology.
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Microvesicle
    Exosome
    Isolation
    Citations (0)
    Журнал для непрерывного медицинского образования врачей АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ОБЗОРЫ Внеклеточные везикулы (экзосомы) и паразитарные болезни: типовые технологии изоляции и исследования.Часть 1 1 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления им.К.Г.Разумовского (Первый казачий
    Extracellular Vesicles
    Isolation
    Extracellular vesicles
    Exosome