Origin of Ferroelectric Modification: The Thermal Behavior of Dopant Ions
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Ferroelectrics were often modified by dopants for corresponding applied fields. The LiNbO3 (LN) crystal, one of the most attractive ferroelectric functional materials, was often doped by magnesium or some rare-earth ions for corresponding application. Though many kinds of dopants for the LN crystal have been researched, the mechanism of the dopant to regulate the ferroelectricity was never reported. Herein, the origin of ferroelectric modification was investigated from the thermal distortion of the fine lattice structure. It was proved by using the state-of-the-art first-principles approach based on density functional theory that the rare-earth ions and antisite NbLi defects are poisonous to the LN lattice structure, which generates the lattice distortion. Furthermore, the lattice distortion evolved into a lattice-plane split with the increasing temperature. On the contrary, the magnesium doped LN crystal keeps the complete LN structure even at 1275 K. Finally, the mechanism of ferroelectric modification was analyzed from the thermal behavior of dopant cations.Keywords:
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Spin-on dopant technique has been investigated in the paper. The boron and phosphorus were used as p- and n-type dopant sources and were deposited on silicon substrates, followed by the baking process to evaporate the solvents from spin-on dopant layers. The standard drive-in process was applied to diffuse and activate the dopants. The curing temperature varied from 150 to 200 oC to investigate the temperature effect on dopant activation. It is suggested that for our selected spin-on dopant sources, the curing temperature and time of 175 oC and 60 minutes would lead to the best result of dopant activation during drive-in process, evidenced by the lowest sheet resistance, which was measured using four-point probe measurement method.
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Based on first-principles calculations, we discover two new two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials SbN and BiP. Both of them are stable in a phosphorene-like structure and maintain their ferroelectricity above room temperature. Till date, SbN has the largest in-plane spontaneous polarization of about 7.81 × 10-10 C m-1 ever found in 2D ferroelectric materials, and it can retain its ferroelectricity until melting at about 1700 K. The spontaneous polarizations and switching barriers can easily be tuned by strains. Additionally, the ferroelectricity can still be maintained in their multilayers. These advantages make SbN and BiP promising candidate materials for future integrated ferroelectric devices.
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Dopant and non‐dopant OLEDs were fabricated for testing four TADF emitters, having EL of blue to greenish blue color. The tetraphenylbenzene (4Ph)‐containing emitters have been demonstrated having a higher light outcoupling efficiency for dopant devices and a superior IQE for the non‐dopant devices.
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Doping is an effective strategy for tuning metal oxide-based semiconductors for solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Despite decades of extensive research effort, the dopant selection is still largely dependent on a trial-and-error approach. Machine learning (ML) is promising in providing predictable insights on the dopant selection for high-performing PEC systems because it can uncover correlations from the seemingly ambiguous linkages between vast features of dopants and the PEC performance of doped photoelectrodes. Herein, the authors successfully build ML model to predict the doping effect of 17 metal dopants into hematite (Fe2 O3 ), a prototype photoelectrode material. Their findings disclose the critical parameters from the 10 intrinsic features of each dopant. The model is further experimentally validated by the coherent prediction on Y and La dopants' behaviors. Further interpretation of the ML model suggests that the chemical state is the most significant selection criteria, meanwhile, dopants with higher metal-oxygen bond formation enthalpy and larger ionic radius are favored in improving the charge separation and transfer (CST) in the Fe2 O3 photoanodes. The generic feature of this ML guided selection criteria has been further extended to CuO-based photoelectrodes showing improved CST by alkaline metal ions doping.
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The dopant (A) that is intimately associated with inherently conducting polymers (ICPs) such as polypyrroles and polyanilines plays a critical role in determining the performance of these materials as corrosion protection coatings. The dopant determines the processability of the ICP in that it can influence solution solubility and/or the potential at which the polymer is electrodeposited. The dopant also influences the redox and chemical properties of the resultant coating and so affecting its ability to provide corrosion protection.
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The helical pitch as a function of the molar ratio of chiral dopants was discussed based on the host-host, host-dopant and dopant-dopant flexoelectric interactions in a ferroelectric liquid crystal mixture system. It was found that the wavenumber of the pitch approximately changes from quadratic to cubic dependence on the chiral dopant ratio and that the host-dopant flexoelectric interactions are negligible compared with the host-host and dopant-dopant interactions.
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