Subwavelength-Grating Metamaterial Structures for Silicon Photonic Devices
Robert HalirAlejandro Ortega‐MoñuxDaniel BenedikovičGoran Z. MashanovichJ. Gonzalo Wangüemert‐PérezJens H. SchmidÍñigo Molina‐FernándezPavel Cheben
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Segmenting silicon waveguides at the subwavelength scale produce an equivalent homogenous material. The geometry of the waveguide segments provides precise control over modal confinement, effective index, dispersion and birefringence, thereby opening up new approaches to design devices with unprecedented performance. Indeed, with ever-improving lithographic technologies offering sub-100-nm patterning resolution in the silicon photonics platform, many practical devices based on subwavelength structures have been demonstrated in recent years. Subwavelength engineering has thus become an integral design tool in silicon photonics, and both fundamental understanding and novel applications are advancing rapidly. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this field. We first cover the basics of subwavelength structures, and discuss substrate leakage, fabrication jitter, reduced backscatter, and engineering of material anisotropy. We then review recent applications including broadband waveguide couplers, high-sensitivity evanescent field sensors, low-loss devices for mid-infrared photonics, polarization management structures, spectral filters, and highly efficient fiber-to-chip couplers. We finally discuss the future prospects for subwavelength silicon structures and their impact on advanced device design.Keywords:
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Metamaterials are artificial structures that are designed to exhibit specific electromagnetic properties required for different applications but not commonly found in nature.The methodology of synthesizing materials composed of micro-and nano-structured components that mimic the electromagnetic response of individual atoms and molecules (meta-atoms and meta-molecules) has proven to be very productive and resulted in the development of metamaterials exhibiting strong magnetic response at microwave and optical frequencies and so-called left-handed metamaterials (LHMs) (both impossible in conventional real-world materials).LHMs are designed to exhibit simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability (Veselago, 1968;Engheta & Ziolkowski, 2006).In 2000, Smith et al. developed the first experimental left-handed structure, which was composed of metallic split-ring resonators and thin metal wires (Smith et. al., 2000;Shelby et. al., 2001).An alternative transmission line approach for left-handed materials was proposed, almost simultaneously, by several different groups (Belyantsev & Kozyrev, 2002; Caloz & Itoh, 2002;Iyer & Eleftheriades, 2002).This approach, based on nonresonant components, allows for low-loss left-handed structures with broad bandwidth.The unique electrodynamic properties of these materials, first postulated by Veselago in 1968, include the reversal of Snell's law, the Doppler effect, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, and negative refractive index, making theses materials attractive for new types of RF and microwave components.The range of applications for LHMs is extensive, and opportunities abound for development of new and powerful imaging and communication techniques.The most tantalizing of these potential applications is the possibility of realizing "perfect" (diffraction-free) lenses based on their inherent negative index of refraction (Pendry, 2000).The slab of LHM can act as an ideal (diffractionfree) lens and thus capable of producing images of objects without any loss of information which is impossible with conventional lenses.Most studies of LHMs have been concerned with linear wave propagation, and have inspired many applications that were unthinkable in the past (Engheta & Ziolkowski, 2006;
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Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. This critical review focuses on the fundamentals, recent progresses and future directions in the research of electromagnetic metamaterials. An introduction to metamaterials followed by a detailed elaboration on how to design unprecedented electromagnetic properties of metamaterials is presented. A number of intriguing phenomena and applications associated with metamaterials are discussed, including negative refraction, sub-diffraction-limited imaging, strong optical activities in chiral metamaterials, interaction of meta-atoms and transformation optics. Finally, we offer an outlook on future directions of metamaterials research including but not limited to three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and "quantum" perspectives of metamaterials (142 references).
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We present two recent advances in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. The first is the development of 2D transmission-line (TL) based metamaterials with arbitrary tensorial effective material parameters. These new metamaterials are distinct from earlier TL metamaterials which were limited to having effective material parameters that are diagonal in the Cartesian basis. The second advance is the development of a 3D isotropic negative refractive index metamaterial. The volumetric metamaterial exhibits an isotropic response for all polarizations and angles of incidence.
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Silicon photonics provide many advantages to telecom, datacom, and high performance computer systems such as increase transmission distance, high data bandwidth and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, we present SiON taper waveguide (SiON-WG) as a mode converter between silicon waveguide (Si-WG) and polymer waveguide (P-WG) to keep coupling efficiency of ± 3 μm misalignment. The propagation loss of polymer waveguide is 0.72 dB/cm at 1310 nm using cut-back method on a straight waveguide. The process of polymer waveguide on silicon photonic (SiPh) chip and flip chip bonding of polymer waveguide chip to silicon photonic chip are developed. Bonding gap between SiON waveguide and polymer waveguide is improved to obtain high coupling efficiency.
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This book will cover the recent advances and applications in metamaterials. It begins by presenting the fundamental concepts of metamaterials, including characterization. The book then moves on to discuss microwave metamaterial sensors, metamaterial absorbers in microwave range, metamaterial absorbers in high frequencies, energy harvesting application of metamaterials, seismic metamaterial, artificial intelligence applications in metamaterial antennas, frequency selective surfaces in metamaterials, metasurfaces, and biomedical applications of metamaterials. In all sections, the design procedure of artificial materials and the evaluation of constitutive parameters and related parameters including how they affect results, will be explained. Novel worked examples will be carried out in each chapter. Key features • Presents an extensive guide for the common applications of metamaterials. • Explains key points in the design and analysis of metamaterials. • Includes comprehensive examples of metamaterial applications. • Provides case studies, worked examples, end of chapter summaries.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Metamaterials Background RF LC Metamaterials RF Tunable "Meta-Surfaces" with LCs LC Tuning of Meta-Atoms Optical Metamaterials with LCs LC Interaction with Plasmonic Metamaterial Structures Liquid Crystals in Self-Assembled Metamaterials Chiral Metamaterials Conclusion Outlook References
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Materials with switchable optical characteristics can enable new types of optical technology that can be tuned or reprogrammed after fabrication. Here, I will present recent results on controlling light on a chip using tunable and programmable materials. New perturbative concepts for altering the flow of light in silicon integrated photonic circuits were initially developed in our lab through ultrafast photomodulation of the silicon waveguide itself. Implementation of reprogrammable photonics using the perturbation approach are now made possible by integrating phase change materials onto the silicon photonics platform. In particular I will be presenting the first results on a new family of new low-loss phase change materials for reconfigurable nanophotonic devices.
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Photonic integration by hybrid silicon/silica waveguide systems is attractive for realizing various optical devices and optical integrated circuits. Silicon waveguides and silica-based waveguides have complementary characteristics, although those waveguides can be formed on identical SOI wafers by a CMOS compatible process. Therefore, photonic integration by a hybrid silicon/silica waveguide system was proposed. We introduce the concept and a photonic integration method with these waveguide systems. We also investigated both the low-loss waveguide junction and the hetero waveguide crossing between Si-wire waveguides and silica-based waveguides. Finally, we introduce optical devices and circuits with the hybrid silicon/silica waveguide system.
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Symmetries play a fundamental role in engineering. In this talk, I will show how symmetry considerations can enable novel nanophotonics devices with advanced functionalities. Novel electromagnetic cavities that can hold light for an infinite amount of time will be introduced as well as the design of novel metamaterials built solely from symmetry considerations. I will present a realized closed ring negative index metamaterial and a self-assembled symmetry breaking metamaterials with controllable optical response.
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