Cholesterol: A Gatekeeper of Male Fertility?
Lauriane SèdesLaura ThirouardSalwan MaqdasyManon GarciaFrançoise CairaJean‐Marc LobaccaroClaude BeaudoinDavid H. Volle
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Cholesterol is essential for mammalian cell functions and integrity. It is an important structural component maintaining the permeability and fluidity of the cell membrane. The balance between synthesis and catabolism of cholesterol should be tightly regulated to ensure normal cellular processes. Male reproductive function has been demonstrated to be dependent on cholesterol homeostasis. Here we review data highlighting the impacts of cholesterol homeostasis on male fertility and the molecular mecanisms implicated through the signaling pathways of some nuclear receptors.Keywords:
Male fertility
This chapter shifts the research focus to a specific locale, namely, Taiwan. This region is chosen because it has detailed male fertility data readily available. The chapter starts the analysis by longitudinally examining male TFRs and ASFRs as compared to those of females during the past few decades. Findings of this chapter echo the results shown in Chapter 4 that studies male and female fertility patterns in 43 countries and places. Several new findings also emerge based on examining the case of Taiwan, which will be discussed in a great detail in this chapter. When investigating the age-specific fertility differentials by sex, the chapter takes educational attainments into consideration. It discusses how education serves as a factor to differentiate male and female fertility. The final part of the analysis in this chapter moves to an examination of male and female fertility in 23 subregions of Taiwan in 2002. Theoretical frameworks explaining female fertility reduction are applied to account for male fertility changes in the 23 subregions. Results show that current fertility theories do not explain male fertility as well as they account for female fertility. It suggests that research exploring determinants of male fertility is warranted.
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The second chapter of the book reviews existing demographic and sociological literature on male fertility. The chapter classifies previous studies into three major topics, that is, men's role in fertility decision-making and family planning, comparative studies of men's and women's fertility patterns and determinants, and modeling male fertility by constructing two-sex models. Each group of the literature is evaluated based on its merits and limitations. The chapter also discusses the way in which this book fills the voids of prior literature and suggests possible directions for future research. In the end, two levels of analyses are proposed to examine patterns and determinants of male fertility from a gendered perspective to improve existing research on male fertility.
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Variation in the fertility of Merino rams whose scrota and testes were heated in a chamber enclosing the scrotum was found to be mainly due to variation in the amount of heat reaching the testes. Variation in fertility due to variation in the response of the testes of different rams to the same amount of heat was found to be relatively unimportant. These conclusions are supported by two pieces of evidence. The first is that rams with genetically differing abilities to control the amount of heat reaching their testes have differing fertility when allowed to express this advantage, but similar fertility when they experience similar heat loads to their testes. The second is that a high correlation (r = -0.926 P<0.005) was found between an expression of the amount of heat reaching the testes and the fertility of rams. Various other expressions of the amount of heat reaching the testes were less highly correlated with fertility.
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Since the 1960s, Taiwan has moved from the regime of high fertility to one of low fertility. There is an abundant literature dealing with fertility decline in Taiwan. However, these studies and other studies like them focus almost exclusively on female fertility. Male fertility patterns and determinants have largely been ignored. This chapter brings men into the analysis when studying the fertility transition in Taiwan. It compares male and female fertility patterns and determinants in Taiwan and in 23 sub-regions of Taiwan. The results show that male fertility differs from female fertility in both rates and determinants. The findings remind researchers to take men into consideration in fertility studies and suggest that fertility theories explaining male fertility changes may need to be constructed.
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The analysis of this chapter moves to an empirical investigation of male fertility as compared to female fertility at the aggregate level. The chapter studies male fertility, measured by the total fertility rate (TFR) and the age-specific fertility rate (ASFR), as compared to female fertility in 43 countries and places during 1990–1998. Several important findings emerge from the analysis. The most important finding drawn from this chapter is that a TFR value of 2,200 or replacement-level fertility defines the correlation of male and female fertility at the aggregate level. The significance of this finding is discussed in a greater detail in the chapter. Moreover, the chapter exhibits that the male and female age-specific fertility differentials can interact with the level of total fertility. In terms of male and female age-specific fertility differentials, a greater fertility variation is shown to occur among females than among males at younger age groups. This result challenges the general statement of previous research that male fertility varies to a greater extent than female fertility. In the end, the chapter proposes several rationales to elucidate why male fertility rates differ from those of females in a variety of societies.
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Declining fertility in Spain has been one of the demographic phenomena which, owing to its speed, intensity, and relevance, has received most attention in recent years. Fertility fell from 2.8 children per woman in 1976 to 1.1 in 1998. Nevertheless, fertility studies have focused on the female aspect without comment on what was happening with the male dimension because it was thought to be irrelevant. In this number of Perspectives Demogràfiques, produced by the Centre for Demographic Studies (CED) at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), we introduce men into fertility analysis using both the male Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and classification of first-time fathers. The results lead us to conclude first, that male and female fertility in the twenty-first century shows greater decline among males, although the evolution is comparable; second, that the reason for the difference may be found in an imbalance between the sexes where, at reproductive ages, men outnumber women; and, third, that among men, it is not the level of education that determines the differences in fertility but access to the labour market.
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Situating Male Fertility: A Demographic Analysis of Male and Female Fertility in the United States. (December 2010) Robert Christopher Cherry, B.A., Texas AM M.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Dudley L. Poston, Jr. In this dissertation I investigate whether or not a series of social, demographic, and cultural factors affect fertility differently, in either direction or magnitude, for men and women. This work situates the study of male fertility within the existing demographic literature, models and compares male and female fertility through the use of a variety of dependent and independent variables, discovers which of those variables reveal a difference between the determinants of male and female fertility, and extends understanding of how male fertility should be studied in addition to and alongside female fertility. Although there is a significant literature on the biological and anatomic components of male fertility, there
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