Corrigendum: Using Aiptasia as a Model to Study Metabolic Interactions in Cnidarian-Symbiodinium Symbioses
Nils RädeckerJean‐Baptiste RainaMathieu PerniceGabriela PernaPaul GuagliardoMatt R. KilburnManuel ArandaChristian R. Voolstra
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Reason for Corrigendum:During submission of the final version of the manuscript for publication, a previous version of Figure 3 was accidentally uploaded. The labeling of this previous Figure version does not match the annotation in the figure legend. The correct version of Figure 3 and its legend appear below. The authors sincerely apologize for the error. This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the research article.Keywords:
Symbiodinium
Legend
There is a moving legend about Liu-Niang circulating in Fu Chuan Yao Autonomous County in Guangxi.The legend and belief about Liu-Niang had a profound impact to the local culture and Psychology of groups.Starting from one point of Folk Narrative : legend,we combine the folk legend to folk belief for study.By showing the legend and belief about Liu-Niang,we study the relationship between legend and People's living.From those can be seen : the belief of Liu-Niang,which formed and heritaged on the basis of its legend,had some cultural values in its spread regional community.
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The genus Symbiodinium is physiologically diverse and so may differentially influence symbiosis establishment and function. To explore this, we inoculated aposymbiotic individuals of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (commonly referred to as "Aiptasia"), a model for coral symbiosis, with one of five Symbiodinium species or types (S. microadriaticum, S. minutum, phylotype C3, S. trenchii, or S. voratum). The spatial pattern of colonization was monitored over time via confocal microscopy, and various physiological parameters were measured to assess symbiosis functionality. Anemones rapidly formed a symbiosis with the homologous symbiont, S. minutum, but struggled or failed to form a long-lasting symbiosis with Symbiodinium C3 or S. voratum, respectively. Symbiodinium microadriaticum and S. trenchii were successful but reached their peak density two weeks after S. minutum. The spatial pattern of colonization was identical for all Symbiodinium taxa that were ultimately successful, starting in the oral disk and progressing to the tentacles, before invading the column and, finally, the pedal disk. In all cases, proliferation through the anemone's tentacles was patchy, suggesting that symbionts were being expelled into the gastrovascular cavity and re-phagocytosed by the host. However, the timing of these various spatial events differed between the different Symbiodinium taxa. Furthermore, S. microadriaticum and S. trenchii were less beneficial to the host, as indicated by lower rates of photosynthesis, anemone growth, and pedal laceration. This study enhances our understanding of the link between symbiont identity and the performance of the overall symbiosis, which is important for understanding the potential establishment and persistence of novel host-symbiont pairings. Importantly, we also provide a baseline for further studies on this topic with the globally adopted "Aiptasia" model system.
Symbiodinium
Dinoflagellate
Anemone
Sea anemone
Asexual reproduction
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Dinoflagellate
Symbiodinium
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Among Dunhuang documents,S.788,S.5448, and P.3721 records a legend of Zhang Xiaosong's killing dragon at Yunu Spring.This legend also includes in the writings of Zhang Du in Tang dynasty.Based on a lot of the materials concerning the legend,it is proved that the source of the legend is from an ancient story about the man's fighting against the flood.All the time,Dunhuang has the legend of the dragon worship,Shazhou has the frequent flood,the officers try to control the flood,and people have the customs of worshipping dragon as god,which make the story become concerned with Zhang Xiaosong closely.The imperial premium in the legend“Longshe Zhang's family”and“Shazhou Cishi being handed down through generations”are the false words.
Legend
Zhàng
Worship
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Giant clams need to establish a symbiotic relationship with the microalgae Symbiodinium in the environment to survive the juvenile stage. In seed production of giant clams, larvae are presented with Symbiodinium but the probability of symbiosis establishment (symbiosis rate) is low. To determine the characteristics of Symbiodinium that improve the symbiosis rate of giant clams (Tridacna crocea and Tridacna maxima), we conducted experiments simulating a typical Japanese seed production method that rears giant clams in unsterilized seawater with no food or antibiotics. After validating this experimental method, we obtained the following results. First, the symbiosis rate was greater than O for Symbiodinium isolated from giant clams, corals, anemones, and even coastal seawater. It was slightly higher, albeit not significantly, for the giant clam origin Symbiodinium. Second, the symbiosis rate was sometimes better for cultured Symbiodinium than fresh Symbiodinium. In conclusion, Symbiodinium cultured after being isolated from giant clams can promote a symbiotic establishment of giant clam juveniles that are reared in unsterilized seawater with no food or antibiotics.
Symbiodinium
Zooxanthellae
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Symbiodinium
Dinoflagellate
Coral bleaching
Zooxanthellae
Trait
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Zhang Ailing is the most excellent writer in Japan-occupied Shanghai because of her new styled legendary novels and rumour prose.She is not only one of the most influencial writers in contemperary literature in China,but also one of the most outstanding one in its third decade of popular literature.About legend,Zhang Ailing herself,is a myteriously legend person.Her novel,although carrys out the legend ghost novels in ancient China,it is not only the common legend,especially feeling the legend in counter-legend style from the three aspects of protagonist,tune and affection.
Legend
Zhàng
Affection
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It is said that there lived a chief called Yao in ancient China about 4000 years ago who abdicated his throne to Shun, and the legend of Shun and Xiang was an important part of the story. The legend of Shun and his family is similar to such stories of two brothers. This essay gives a comparison with them in order to understand the emergence, changes and nature of the legend and tries to prove its truthfulness from the angel of folk literature.
Legend
Throne
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Introduction The Loon A Twana Legend The Gossiping Clams A Suquamish Legend The Blackberry A Snohomish Legend The Octopus A Lummi Legend Why Rivers have Bends A Chinook Legend Days and Nights A Kittitas Legend Why the Crane has Long Legs A Puyallup Legend The Sun and the moon A Snoqualime legend Why the Robin has a Red Breast A Suquamish Legend The Coyote A Kittitas Legend The Fish, Duck and the Sea Gull A Skagit lagend The North Wind A Snoqualmie Legend How the Indians Obtained Fire A Snoqualime Legend.
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Abstract Coral reef research has predominantly focused on the effect of temperature on the breakdown of coral-dinoflagellate symbioses. However, less is known about how increasing temperature affects the establishment of new coral-dinoflagellate associations. Inter-partner specificity and environment-dependent colonization are two constraints proposed to limit the acquisition of more heat tolerant symbionts. Here, we investigated the symbiotic dynamics of various photosymbionts in different host genotypes under “optimal” and elevated temperature conditions. To do this, we inoculated symbiont-free polyps of the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida originating from Hawaii (H2), North Carolina (CC7), and the Red Sea (RS) with the same mixture of native symbiont strains (Breviolum minutum, Symbiodinium linucheae, S. microadriaticum, and a Breviolum type from the Red Sea) at 25 and 32 °C, and assessed their ITS2 composition, colonization rates, and PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm). Symbiont communities across thermal conditions differed significantly for all hosts, suggesting that temperature rather than partner specificity had a stronger effect on symbiosis establishment. Overall, we detected higher abundances of more heat resistant Symbiodiniaceae types in the 32 °C treatments. Our data further showed that PSII photophysiology under elevated temperature improved with thermal pre-exposure (i.e., higher Fv/Fm), yet, this effect depended on host genotype and was influenced by active feeding as photochemical efficiency dropped in response to food deprivation. These findings highlight the role of temperature and partner fidelity in the establishment and performance of symbiosis and demonstrate the importance of heterotrophy for symbiotic cnidarians to endure and recover from stress.
Geomicrobiology
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