miRNA-125b-5p Suppresses Hypothyroidism Development by Targeting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
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BACKGROUND A deficiency of maternal thyroid hormones (THs) during pregnancy has severe impacts on fetal brain development. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are major targets of THs and provided a powerful model to explore the underlying mechanism of THs during brain development. Although miRNA-125 might be associated with the NSCs differentiation, the relationship between miR-125 and hypothyroidism (HypoT) development remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS In our study, we screened a differentially expressed gene miR-125b-5p from brain between euthyroid (EuT) and HypoT rats. In vitro, we employed anion exchange resin to remove THs to stimulate HypoT. QRT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). The relationship between miR-125b-5p and Stat3 was detected via a dual-luciferase assay. RESULTS QRT-PCR results showed that the level of miR-125b-5p in HypoT rat brains was significantly suppressed, suggesting some relationship between miR-125b-5p and HypoT. In C17.2, miR-125b-5p promoted cell differentiation into neurons by regulating the expression of tubulin beta chain 3 (TUBB3) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). QRT-PCR and Western blot results revealed that miR-125b-5p mimic modulated the contents of total Stat3 and p-Stat3. A dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-125b-5p negatively regulated the expression of Stat3 by binding with the first site in 3' UTR of Stat3. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed Stat3 is a new target of miR-125b-5p and revealed the mechanism of miR-125b-5p suppressing HypoT development. These findings provide a new target for HypoT therapy.Keywords:
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The perturbing effect of an ultrasonic transducer on determination of sound velocity by continuous-wave methods is reanalyzed. The Bolef–Menes (1+δ) formula is found usually to apply only within a very narrow frequency range around the transducer’s resonant frequencies. Thus it should be regarded as a ‘‘near-transducer’’ rather than a ‘‘thin-transducer’’ correction. Outside the applicable frequency range, it is more appropriate to multiply δ by the square of the ratio of the specimen’s mechanical impedance to that of the transducer. The effect of the bond between specimen and transducer is assessed.
Acoustic impedance
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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A liquid column resonance (LCR) transducer, also referred to as an organ pipe transducer, is a type of transducer that utilizes the liquid column resonance mode to produce acoustic energy underwater. Traditional transducers, such as piezoelectric rings or Janus transducers, are commonly used as the driving source in LCR transducers. A flextensional transducer (FT) is introduced into the LCR transducer as the driving source because of the relatively larger volume velocity at low frequencies. Moreover, the eigen-mode of the Class IV FT is easier to couple with the LCR mode to broaden the bandwidth of a LCR transducer. To overcome the problems associated with the low stiffness of elliptical metal pipes, an improved aluminum pipe, which has a cross-beam to increase the stiffness, was proposed and utilized in a LCR transducer driven by a Class IV FT. The fabricated LCR transducer prototype driven by the Class IV FT has two resonance peaks from 700–2000 Hz, and the transmitting voltage response values of these peaks are 132.1 and 137.8 dB (re 1 μPa/V @1 m). Comparing with an LCR transducer driven by a 33-mode ring, the results show that the LCR transducer driven by a Class IV FT provides good efficiency and broadband characteristics.
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To improve the pulse-echo sensitivity of a piezopolymer transducer while preserving its broad band- width property, several multilayer transducer design ap- proaches have been suggested. This paper presents formulae derived to describe three types of multilayer transducers: a folded multilayer-, Barker-coded, multilayer-, and switch- able Barker-coded multilayer transducer. The pulse-echo responses of the multilayer transducers under various ex- citation signals were calculated and compared with those achievable with an equivalent PZT transducer. Also, the influence of a tissue layer on the transducer responses was examined. The simulation results indicated that the switch- able Barker coded transducer design outperforms all other transducer designs analyzed with respect to the axial res- olution and overall sensitivity in the medical imaging fre- quency range. To verify the simulation results, several pro- totypes of multilayer Barker coded transducers were fabri- cated and tested in water. A good agreement between the experimental results and the corresponding computer pre- dictions was achieved.
Echo (communications protocol)
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Two-way finite-state transducers on words are strictly more expressive than one-way transducers. It has been shown recently how to decide if a two-way functional transducer has an equivalent one-way transducer, and the complexity of the algorithm is non-elementary. We propose an alternative and simpler characterization for sweeping functional transducers, namely, for transducers that can only reverse their head direction at the extremities of the input. Our algorithm works in 2EXPSPACE and, in the positive case, produces an equivalent one-way transducer of doubly exponential size. We also show that the bound on the size of the transducer is tight, and that the one-way definability problem is undecidable for (sweeping) non-functional transducers.
Undecidable problem
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Resistive touchscreen
SIGNAL (programming language)
Smart transducer
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The Tonpiltz transducer is one of the critical elements in sonar systems. The transducer's properties strongly depend on the number of piezoelectric ceramic segments and mechanical elements such as head mass, tail mass, prestress rod and so on. In this research, the relationship between the physical and electrical characteristics of the Tonpiltz transducer is deduced. The influences of material parameters and mechanical structure are also discussed. An ingenious method is proposed to evaluate the mechanical compliance and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of the Tonpiltz transducer. A lumped equivalent circuit of the Tonpiltz transducer is also presented to estimate the weight and length of head and tail masses of the transducer, and to simulate the transducer's electrical and physical properties. A practical design example is also developed to confirm the simulation.
Smart transducer
Electromechanical coupling coefficient
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To improve the pulse-echo sensitivity of a piezopolymer transducer while preserving its broad bandwidth property, several multilayer transducer design approaches have been suggested. This paper presents formulae describing three types of multilayer transducers-a Barker code multilayer-, folded multilayer and switchable Barker code multilayer transducer. Based on the formulae derived, the pulse-echo responses of the multilayer transducers under various excitation signals were calculated and compared with those achievable with an equivalent PZT transducer. Also, the influence of a tissue layer on the transducer responses was examined. The simulation results indicated that the switchable Barker code transducer design outperforms all other transducer designs analyzed with respect to the axial resolution and overall sensitivity in the medical imaging frequency range. To verify the simulation results, several prototypes of multilayer transducers were fabricated and tested in water. A good agreement between the experimental results and the corresponding computer predictions was achieved.
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A displacement transducer is described which enables changes in the distance between itself and an unprepared surface to be measured without physical contact. An optical system is employed. The transducer has a resolution of 0.25 mm and measures over an interval of 15 mm centered at a distance of 270 mm from the sensor beam. The transducer's accuracy is within + or - 0.25 mm. A second transducer is mentioned which will measure over a range of 72 mm. Both transducers sample the position of the surface over a time interval of 200 nanoseconds with a minimum time between observations of 200 microseconds. Alternative configurations are presented giving different characteristics. The transducer has been developed as part of a high-speed-profilometer system for measuring the longitudinal profile of pavements. Texture depths of pavement surfaces have also been measured using the transducer. The transducer is suitable as the basic unit of many displacement measuring systems where the response advantage of an inertiafree transducer or the absence of physical contact is important. (A) /TRRL/
Transductor
Stylus
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To improve the pulse-echo sensitivity of a piezopolymer transducer while preserving its broad bandwidth property, several multilayer transducer design approaches have been suggested. This paper presents formulae derived to describe three types of multilayer transducers: a folded multilayer-, Barker-coded, multilayer-, and switchable Barker-coded multilayer transducer. The pulse-echo responses of the multilayer transducers under various excitation signals were calculated and compared with those achievable with an equivalent PZT transducer. Also, the influence of a tissue layer on the transducer responses was examined. The simulation results indicated that the switchable Barker coded transducer design outperforms all other transducer designs analyzed with respect to the axial resolution and overall sensitivity in the medical imaging frequency range. To verify the simulation results, several prototypes of multilayer Barker coded transducers were fabricated and tested in water. A good agreement between the experimental results and the corresponding computer predictions was achieved.
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Sound power output of a plate type transducer is obtained by measuring the reaction force on the transducer.
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