Stimulation of P2Y11 receptor modulates cardiac fibroblasts secretome toward immunomodulatory and protective roles after Hypoxia/Reoxygenation injury
Claudie Gabillard-LefortLauriane BenoistStéphanie ChadetMarie PiolletAudrey HéraudDominique BabutyChristophe BaronFabrice IvanésDenis Angoulvant
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Hypoxia
Energy charge
Phosphomonoesters
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The matured porcine oocytes were activated by ethanol stimulation and electrical stimulation.The results showed that the cleavage of electrical stimulation with two 1.6 kV/cm and 60 μs was higher(88.68%,94/106),and the cleavage rate of ethanol stimulation with 8% and 10 min was 84.21%(64/76).The method of electrical stimulation with two 1.6 kV/cm and 60 μs had higher cleavage rate,and laid the foundation for further study.
Parthenogenesis
Cleavage (geology)
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Experiments were done on urethane anesthetized adult rabbits. Long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the Bötzinger complex (Böt.C) to observe the changes in the peak amplitude of integrated phrenic nerve activity. Then, a long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the locus coeruleus (LC) or monosodium glutamate was microinjected into the LC . Within a certain period of time, another long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the Böt.C to observe the responses of phrenic nerve activity. We investigated whether the LC could modulate the inspiratory inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the Böt.C. The results are as follows: (1) Within a certain period of time after a long-train electrical stimulation applied at the LC, the inspiratory inhibition produced by electrical stimulation at the Böt.C was significantly attenuated. Comparing with the control stimulation that was only delivered at Böt.C without pre-stimulation of the LC, the inspiratory inhibition was decreased by (28.78+/-19.49)%. (2) Similarly, after chemical stimulation of the LC with microinjection of monosodium glutamate, the inspiratory inhibition produced by electrical stimulation of Böt.C was also significantly attenuated [decreased by (19.18+/-8.06)%]. The results obtained suggest that the LC plays a role in the modulation of the inspiratory inhibition of Böt.C stimulation.
Locus coeruleus
Phrenic nerve
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To obtain an in vitro method of LATS assay which is equally sensitive to a McKenzie bioassay, we compared the quality of cAMP generation-stimulation, thyroidal adenyl cyclase stimulation, and the stimulation of T3-release from mouse thyroid slices. Among those indicators of thyroid stimulation, stimulation by IgG of the release of T3 from incubated thyroid slices is the most sensitive, reproducible and reliable indicator, reflecting faithfully the results of a McKenzie bioassay. Stimulation of cAMP generation in slice manifested less sensitivity, but reasonable reproducibility. However, adenyl cyclase stimulation by IgG of patients with Graves' disease was erratic in two successive experiments, probably due to a non-specific effect of IgG. When adenyl cyclase stimulation was adopted as a sole indicator of thyroid stimulation, the results must be interpreted cautiously.
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Objective To study the effects of uniform biaxial mechanical stimulation on cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression in SD rat primary osteoblasts. Methods A new uniform biaxial mechanical stimulation model has been designed for the first time. The isolated rat primary osteoblasts were exposed to uniform biaxial mechanical stimulation at different intensities (20 000, 100 000 and 200 000 microstrains) for different time periods (2, 4 and 8 h). The expression changes of COX-2 protein caused by respective mechanical stimulation were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Results The expression of COX-2 did not increase sigmificantly after mechanical stimulation for two hours, but was upregulated after four hour and eight hour stimulation, while in the control groups, nearly no COX-2 was expressed. In additon, the expression of COX-2 in four-hour stimulated group increased while in the eight-hour group decreased with mcreasing stimulation. Conclusion Uniform biaxial mechanical stimulation at a certain time period and intensity promotes the expression of COX-2 in rat primary osteoblasts.
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Electrical brain stimulation
Tegmentum
Brain stimulation reward
Brain stimulation
Lateral hypothalamus
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In the protocols of modern pharmacological studies of a self-stimulation reaction in rodents, stimulating electrodes are implanted as a rule unilaterally. The reinforcing properties of the left and right hypothalamus were suggested to be identical. The aim of the study was to clear up if the possibilities of the left and right hypothalamus to produce self-stimulation are similar or not. Methods. The study was carried out on adult male Wistar rats. The electrodes were implanted into the lateral hypothalamus bilaterally. The rats, in which an approach reaction was observed, learned self-stimulation in the Skinner box with stimulation of the left or right hypothalamus as a reinforcing agent descending thresholds of stimulation up to minimal one. Results. Self-stimulation of the left hypothalamus gave an approach reaction in the majority of rats (81.8%), self-stimulation reaction was developed in 72.7% of rats. Only 46.2% rats reacted on stimulation of the right hypothalamus, self-stimulation reaction was developed in 30.8% of rats. The thresholds of positive and negative reactions registered after electrical stimulation of both sides of hypothalamus were significantly differed (H(3, N = 31) = 14,92; p = 0,002). And these changes were not connected with lateralization but with sign of reaction: in general the thresholds of approach reaction were higher than thresholds of avoidance. Conclusion. In the paper, the fact of different possibility of approach reaction and self-stimulation development as a result of electrical stimulation of the left and right hypothalamus in rats has been described. After stimulation of the left hypothalamus, a possibility to receive positive reaction and to form self-stimulation on its basis is higher than after stimulation of the right hypothalamus. (For citation: Efimov NS, Bessolova YN, Karpova IV, et al. Asymmetry of reinforcing properties of the lateral hypothalamus in the self-stimulation test. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2018;16(2):37-41. doi: 10.17816/RCF16237-41).
Lateral hypothalamus
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Physical Stimulation
Sensory stimulation therapy
Stimulus (psychology)
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Brain stimulation
Electrical brain stimulation
Brain stimulation reward
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Ejaculation
Sexual stimulation
Lateral hypothalamus
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