Production of embryo rescued hybrids between the landrace “Friariello” (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) and C. baccatum var. pendulum: phenotypic and cytological characterization
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Embryo rescue
Reciprocal cross
Introgression
Hybrid zone
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The sterile insect technique (SIT) and the induced inherited (F1) sterility technique have been investigated for a number of lepidopterous pests, including the gypsy moths. Another technique, backcross sterility, which could potentially prove as or more useful for control of pest species has been developed for the control of only one lepidopteran species, Heliothis virescens. This genetic technique has several theoretical advantages over both SIT and the F1 sterility techniques. In contrast to F1 sterility, backcross sterility can persist indefinitely once introduced into a population. Because fertile females are continuously backcrossed to target males, the strain becomes increasingly genetically similar to the target species. The backcross strain should also be behaviorally similar to the target species and there are no radiation-induced effects on competitiveness.
Heliothis virescens
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Lilium lancifolium Thunb. exhibits wide genetic diversity and numerous genetic traits within progeny populations. Parent morphology affects the distribution and assortment of progeny phenotypes. In this study, morphological analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were conducted for cross progeny (F1 and BC1). Results showed that F1-1 hybrids had greater plant height than the parents; however, backcross progeny plant height (group 1) was low. Leaf number in both groups was considerably low in F1 hybrid, although high in backcrossed plants. Flower number and days to flower opening were intermediate to those of the parents for F1 hybrids, yet low in BC1 progeny. In group 1, backcross progeny showed small bulb length; however, group 2 progeny showed large bulb length. Positive and negative correlations between the phenotypic traits of parents and progeny confirmed significant variations. According to FISH results, F1-1 and F1-2 hybrids distinctly exhibited nine and eight 45S rDNA loci which were same in position with 45S loci of the parents. In backcross progeny, eight 45S rDNA signals were detected in four BC1 progeny of group 1, while 10 signals were observed in all group 2 progeny, same with the L. lancifolium karyotype. Morphological analysis and FISH helped in scrutinising progeny to obtain hybrids with desirable characteristics.
Lilium
Introgression
Bulb
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In this paper, interspecific crosses among Crambe abyssinica, Crambe hispanica, and Crambe kralikii were reported.In the C. hispanica x C. abyssinica (H x A) cross, 118 F 1 hybrids were produced without embryo rescue, while 5 F 1 hybrids were obtained with embryo rescue, when C. hispanica was used as the female parent.In the reciprocal cross (A x H), 232 hybrids were obtained without embryo rescue.From more than 1000 C. kralikii flowers pollinated with pollen grains of C. abyssinica (K x A), only 2 F 1 hybrids were obtained with embryo rescue, whereas the reciprocal cross produced no hybrids, even with embryo rescue.The hybrids were confirmed at the morphological, cytological, and molecular levels.In the combinations of A x H and H x A, many BC 1 hybrids were obtained without embryo rescue.In contrast, in the K x A cross, only 7 BC 1 plants were obtained with embryo rescue, while no seed set was achieved under self-pollination or in backcrosses without embryo rescue.In the H x A F 1 hybrids, the pollen stainability was 65.4-86.0%,with an average of 76.9%.In comparison, the pollen viability of hybrids in the reciprocal cross (A x H) ranged from 66.2 to ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.brGenetics and Molecular Research 13 (3): 6995-7005 (2014) 81.1%, with an average of 75.4%.Fertile pollen grains were not found in the K x A F 1 hybrids.All F 1 hybrids of the 3 crosses (H x A, A x H, and K x A) had the expected 2n = 75 chromosomes.AFLP analyses indicated that all F 1 hybrids and their progenies had typical bands of the parents.These hybrids and progenies are anticipated to be valuable for future C. abyssinica improvement in breeding programs.
Embryo rescue
Crambe
Reciprocal cross
Hand-pollination
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Abstract Twenty one F 1 hybrids involving three Triticum durum cultivars and eleven forms of T. timopheevi were backcrossed to their respective durum parents. Backcross fertility (BC 1 grain set) of these sterile hybrids improved with the rise in temperature at the time of pollination. A mean temperature of less than 20 °C results in poor seed set while higher mean temperatures around 24 °C result in increased seed set. It is suggested that a large number of backcross seeds can be produced by pollinating these hybrids late in the season, i.e., after 20th of March in northern India.
Hybrid seed
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New breeding systems are suggested for facilitating backcrosses of self-pollinated crops by manipulating genetic male sterility. Three models are presented with regard to the use of different kinds of male-sterility genes.
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Somatic fusion
Solanum tuberosum
Introgression
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Summary Morphometric analyses were conducted on second-generation tri-species and backcross hybrids in Eucalyptus. These hybrids were all produced using pollen from two E. nitens x cordata F1 hybrids and controlled pollination techniques. Tri-species hybrids were created with E. gunnii, E. ovata and E. viminalis as females, while backcrosses were produced with E. cordata. Multivariate analysis of seedling characteristics indicated that eighty percent of the backcross hybrids fell within the morphological range of E. cordata. All three cross combinations of the tri-species hybrids were biased away from E. nitens and towards their maternal parent and E. cordata. The inclusion of data for first-generation (F1) hybrids between the pure parental species in the current work showed the F1’s to be easily distinguishable from pure species, compared to second-generation hybrids. The use of morphology for detecting second-generation hybridisation involving exotic plantation species and native eucalypt populations will therefore be unreliable, and identifies a need for preventing second-generation hybrids from establish in the wild. The current work, nevertheless, provides further demonstration of the effectiveness of morphological identification of F1 hybrids. The easy recognition of F1 hybrids will be useful in identifying sites and species at risk of exotic gene flow and enable the development of weeding programs that focus on removing exotic hybrids in the wild.
Introgression
Eucalyptus nitens
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Male sterility was investigated in backcross populations from hybrids between Diplotaxis muralis and Brassica napus using the former as the female parent. The F 1 was male sterile and low frequencies (less than 20%) of male sterile plants were obtained from subsequent backcross generations. The data did not fit any Mendelian genetic ratios. Cytological examination of pollen mother cells from 52 plants of these backcross populations indicated the presence of an extra chromosome in all 22 male sterile plants and the normal chromosome number (2n = 38) in the remaining 30 fertile plants. Thus an extra chromosome which is derived from Diplotaxis muralis appears to be the sole cause of male sterility in these backcross populations.Key words: male sterility, Brassica napus, Diplotaxis muralis.
Mendelian inheritance
Hybrid seed
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By the test cross for the dominant gentic male sterility(DGMS) heterozygous type 6CA and homozygous type 6AB, some of the temporary maintainer line and restore line of DGMS were selected. The double low variety used backcross male parent for double high GMS, the double low GMS had been bred through continuous backcross, at the same time, the double low hybrid has been bred. The dominant male sterility gene was transferred from DGMS 6AB into CMS, the genic and cytoplasmic male sterility (GCMS) was established.
Software maintainer
Cytoplasmic male sterility
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