Chemical characterization of natural and anthropogenic-derived oil residues on Gulf of Mexico beaches
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Deepwater Horizon
Flame ionization detector
Attenuated total reflection
This guide covers the April 20, 2010 BP/Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, issues surrounding the spill and its effects on the Gulf Coast both environmentally and economically.
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The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010, led to approximately 4.9 million barrels of oil entering the northern Gulf of Mexico. Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, an important fish in the Gulf of Mexico, were potentially exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from this oil spill. To assess this potential PAH exposure, Red Snapper tissue samples and sediment samples from nearby reefs were analyzed for several PAHs from 2010 to 2012. Red Snapper were also analyzed for several condition indices from 2010 to 2015. All samples showed mean total PAH concentrations <10 ppb, near the limit of detection for the gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. Also, for the most part, ratios of phenanthrene:anthracene were less than eight and fluoranthene:pyrene greater than one, which indicated a pyrogenic source rather than a petrogenic or DWH–oil spill source of PAHs. Lesions were observed in 0.25% (10 of 3934) of the Red Snapper collected in the present study, which were similar to levels in non-oil-exposed fishes. No consistent oil spill effects were detected for gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, or Fulton's condition index in Red Snapper. The present study detected little evidence that adult Red Snapper in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the Alabama–Mississippi continental shelf were affected by the DWH oil spill relative to PAH levels in their tissues. This conclusion was based on low levels of PAH in Red Snapper tissues and proximate sediments, the lack of a petrogenic source of PAHs, little change in condition indices, and low evidence of external lesions.
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One way to assess whether governments and industry (at any level) learn from their disaster experience is to examine two similar events at different points in time. The authors investigate and compare the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster with the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster to determine whether oil spill prevention and oil spill risk management have advanced over time. The study recounts facts, analyzes features of both incidents, and offers an intergovernmental interpretation of changes in policy and practice over four decades of oil spill management informed by theories of nested sets, distributed cognition, and socio-technical systems.
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In April 2010, a fatal explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the largest marine oil spill in history. This research describes the association of oil exposure with anxiety after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and evaluates effect modification by self-mastery, emotional support and cleanup participation. To assess the impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted the Gulf States Population Survey (GSPS), a random-digit-dial telephone cross-sectional survey completed between December 2010 and December 2011 with 38,361 responses in four different Gulf Coast states: Louisiana, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi. Anxiety severity was measured using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) symptom inventory. We used Tobit regression to model underlying anxiety as a function of oil exposure and hypothesised effect modifiers, adjusting for socio-demographics. Latent anxiety was higher among those with direct contact with oil than among those who did not have direct contact with oil in confounder-adjusted models [β = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 4.91]. Among individuals with direct contact with oil, there was no significant interaction between participating in cleanup activities and emotional support for anxiety (p = 0.20). However, among those with direct contact with oil, in confounder-adjusted models, participation in oil spill cleanup activities was associated with lower latent anxiety (β = -3.55, 95% CI: -6.15, -0.95). Oil contact was associated with greater anxiety, but this association appeared to be mitigated by cleanup participation.
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