Pose Guided Deep Model for Pedestrian Attribute Recognition in Surveillance Scenarios
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Recognizing pedestrian attributes, such as gender, backpack, and cloth types, has obtained increasing attention recently due to its great potential in intelligent video surveillance. Existing methods usually solve it with end-to-end multi-label deep neural networks, while the structure knowledge of pedestrian body has been little utilized. Considering that attributes have strong spatial correlations with human structures, e.g. glasses are around the head, in this paper, we introduce pedestrian body structure into this task and propose a Pose Guided Deep Model (PGDM) to improve attribute recognition. The PGDM consists of three main components: 1) coarse pose estimation which distillates the pose knowledge from a pre-trained pose estimation model, 2) body parts localization which adaptively locates informative image regions with only image-level supervision, 3) multiple features fusion which combines the part-based features for attribute recognition. In the inference stage, we fuse the part-based PGDM results with global body based results for final attribute prediction and the performance can be consistently improved. Compared with state-of-the-art models, the performances on three large-scale pedestrian attribute datasets, i.e., PETA, RAP, and PA-100K, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Keywords:
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Backpack
Abstract Backpacks are a convenient means of carrying the load. Its continuous usage has led to severe shoulder injuries and back pain due to the dynamic forces exerted by the weight of the backpack on the shoulders of the wearer during running or walking. A traditional backpack moves up and down repeatedly with the shoulder of the wearer during walking or running. Such repetitive movements of the backpack cause discomfort and strain on the wearer's shoulders. Hence, a mechanism is proposed here that can be assembled with the normal backpack in a way that the backpack stays at a constant position with respect to the ground by moving it relative to the wearer. The proposed mechanism was designed, fabricated, and assembled with a normal backpack and checked for the impact force experienced by the wearer with different loads of 10 kg, 12.5 kg, and 15 kg. An Arduino-based setup with a load cell sensor was implemented into the mechanism to measure the impact forces exerted on the wearer’s shoulder. The impact forces experienced by the wearer were found to be considerably lower when using the enhanced backpack with the mechanism compared to a normal backpack without the mechanism for a load equal to or more than 15 kg.
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Backpacks are very useful in our day-to-day life, work, offices, and school. Especially students carry backpack to school every day with heavy loads of textbooks, notebooks, and laptop. This is an increasing concern of students carrying heavy backpacks in most countries. From the article of Huntsville Hospital, in the United States around 79 million students carry backpack to school. In 2007, more than 23,000 backpack-related injuries were treated at hospital rooms, physician offices and clinics. The load exerted from the backpack is one of the reasons of variations in the cervical and shoulder posture and it is suggested that carrying a backpack weighing 15% of body weight will be heavy for adults. This study evaluates the effect of backpack loads on the user discomfort in neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back, and knee during a walking activity. For this experiment, 12 participants were selected in the age group of between 18 to 21 years old from Lamar University. The backpack load which is exerted by the backpack was independent variable. As per the research, 15% of total weight of the body is the standard weight to carry the backpack during walking activity. Since, we have considered 10%, 15% and 20% weights of the backpack to the total body weight of participants. The user discomfort is considered as dependent variable. The walkway was embedded with three force plates with various backpack loads (10%, 15%, and 20%). Participants were told to walk on defined route for 10 minutes. After each task, participants had 5-minutes break and were asked to rate their discomfort level. The same procedure was carried out for all participants and measurement data were collected.The result showed a significant main effect of backpack load on the user discomfort of neck, shoulder, upper back, lower back and knee. The user discomfort with 20% load was significantly higher than that with 10% load for all 5 body parts. During the experiment, it was observed that female participant who weighs in range of 100-120 lbs. were experienced most discomfort and not able continue experiment when the weight of the backpack was more than 15% of the total body weight. Whereas the participants with the range of body weight around 160-180 lbs. experienced less discomfort in their neck and shoulder throughout the experiment. In conclusion, the research found that the backpack load significantly affects the user discomfort when student walk carrying the backpack. The research should have practical meaning to decide the appropriate weight of the students’ backpack and develop a more user-friendly design.
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Elementary school students carry heavy backpacks and there are some reports that the heavy backpack induces fatigue and back pain. This study proposed a backpack structure to reduce a load and analyzed the effect of the backpack structure through an experiment. The key features of the backpack structure were a three-dimensional padded back panel and a curved board. In the experiment, five pressure sensors measured the pressures between the backpack and the participant's body parts. Both the three-dimensional padded back panel and the curved board increased the contact area between the back and the backpack. Two acceleration sensors also measured the three-dimensional acceleration of the backpack and the participant. The backpack structure decreased the load of the backpack in running with a significant difference. Comparison between results using the backpack and conventional backpack revealed the effectiveness of the proposed backpack structure.
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Backpacks used by children is a global concern, because may cause musculoskeletal discomforts and pain.The purpose of this study was to test the usability and effects on gait kinematics wearing the Trunkpack versus a traditional backpack and no backpack.Twenty-four children (9 to 11 years old) from a public school participated in this study. The usability was evaluated after a five-week testing period using a questionnaire. Gait kinematics was evaluated (Vicon) when the children were wearing a standard backpack, an optimized backpack (Trunkpack), and no backpack. Both backpacks were loaded with 10% of body weight.Was observed more trunk, hip and knee flexion when the children carried a standard backpack in comparison using the Trunkpack and not carrying a backpack (p < 0.01). The Trunkpack and no backpack were similar. The Trunkpack was well accepted by the schoolchildren (81% positive responses), 79% liked the head opening, 88% liked the waist straps, and 83% liked the facility to put and take objects in and out of the Trunkpack.Trunkpack requires less postural adjustments during gait than a standard backpack. Gait kinematics with the Trunkpack was comparable to the gait without carrying a backpack.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine changes in the body posture parameters defining asymmetry of the trunk and lateral flexion of the spine in children while carrying a backpack weighing 10% of a child’s weight. Background: Carrying a backpack may negatively affect the posture of schoolchildren and contribute to spinal pain. Method: The study involved 162 primary school students ages 11 to 13 years. The parameters describing body posture were assessed with a backpack carried on the right or left shoulder as well as without a load. To assess the predefined parameters, we used the CQ Elektronik System, employing the photogrammetric method. Results: Trunk inclination shifted significantly in the opposite direction to the shoulder the backpack was carried on, and an increase in shoulder asymmetry was also found. We also observed a more pronounced right-side lateral flexion of the spine when the backpack was carried on the right shoulder and an analogous relationship for the left side. Conclusion: The results of this study show that carrying a backpack in an asymmetrical manner negatively affects spine, even if the backpack weight constitutes 10% of the child’s weight, which has been previously recommended as a safe load for a child’s shoulders. Application: We suggest that the issue of safe backpack weight be reassessed and that students be taught basic ergonomic principles on how to carry loads. Changes to the management pattern of carrying textbooks to and from school also should be considered.
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Backpack or school bag weight carried by children has raised concerns in worldwide countries over recent decades. School going children face a major problem because of the heavy weight they carry to school everyday as it leads to many problems such as a bent posture and decreased work efficiency. The prescribed weight to be carried by children has been determined to be 10-15% of their body weight; however literature shows that the majority of them carry up to 30% of their body weight. Design changes were introduced in a standard backpack to see how it would facilitate load distribution over the upper torso such that the load is not concentrated on the trunk alone. Subjects were asked to carry out trials with 0% body weight, 15% body weight with a standard backpack and 15% body weight with the modified backpack with arm straps. ECG data using Biopac MP150 was collected and the results between the three trials were compared. The results show loads of 15% of body weight or above significantly increased the amplitude of the R wave which was lower in case of carrying 15% of body weight with the arm strap. Thus the modified backpack has a potential for efficient load carriage.
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Weight distribution
Body segment
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This study investigates the differences in metabolic energy cost and physiological adaptations between carrying a suspended backpack and a traditional backpack during exercise. For that, 30 males completed the Bruce test while carrying a loaded backpack. Researchers used a metabolic system to obtain variables, analysed muscle oxygen saturation, and used a 2-way RM ANOVA. As results, a significant fatigue interaction was found, but the interaction between fatigue and backpack was non-significant. Using a suspended backpack resulted in energetic advantages in oxygen consumption, muscle oxygen saturation, and performance compared to a traditional backpack. In conclusion, this study offers insights into the physiological implications of using a suspended backpack, suggesting it may reduce the risk of musculoskeletal issues and improve performance for those carrying heavy loads.Practitioner summary: The suspended-load backpacks have been proposed as an alternative to traditional backpacks. This study highlighted that the use of a suspended backpack provided some energetical advantages adaptation compared to the traditional backpack in terms of oxygen consumption, muscle oxygen saturation and performance during a multistage treadmill test walking-running test.
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The objectives of this study were to 1) describe the characteristics of the backpacks used by students 10–18 years of age, 2) describe self reported pain related to backpack use and 3) evaluate the relationship between self reported pain and perceive
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Objective: To investigate school children's backpack loads, its association with backpack loads and backpain, schoolchildren's perception of their backpack loads, school conditions, and personal factors that determine backpack loads in Korea. Method: We weighed the backpacks of 642 school children in three elementary schools in Suwon city. A validated questionnaire evaluating backpain, features of backpack carrying and subjective perceptions of backpack loads was administered to 450 schoolchildren. The data were divided into two groups, those who had experienced backpain and those who had not. Each group was analyzed according to backpack load, perception of backpack load, school condition and personal factors. Results: The mean weight of the backpack was 2.65 kg, which was 7.85% of mean body weight. The number of children whose backpack loads exceeded 15% of their body weight was 3.3%. 34.5% of children experienced backpain and backpack weight and backpack weight/body weight ratio were significantly higher in the group who experienced backpain. Time spent carrying of backpacks was longer and more students reported heaviness and fatigue when carrying backpacks in the same group. There was a difference in manners of carrying of backpacks and locker usage between the two groups. An improper method of backpack carrying, which is more than 10 cm below the waistline was noted in 85% of the school children. Conclusion: Carrying a heavier backpack is related to backpain in schoolchildren and a wide investigation should be performed concerning backpack loads of school children in Korea. Adequate backpack load guidelines should be determined.
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