HORMONES AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
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Tumors derived from a hormonal target organ are assumed to be stimulated by the same hormone that stimulates the normal target tissue. In spite of attempts to acquire direct indications of a correlation between hormones and cancer, none have been definitive because studies of total and free hormone levels have given contradictory results. For this reason, attention has shifted to the study of plasma binding and transport of hormones, that is, of the proteins responsible for modulation of the hormone effect and thus of hormone bioavailability. The data reviewed indicate that in-depth study of the transport and binding system of sex steroids would give new information about the endocrine characteristics of cancer patients.
Steroid hormone
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This chapter provides an overview of hormones, which constitute a range of different compounds, including peptides and steroids. Oversimplification of information about hormones can lead to some misleading ideas. For example, not all hormones are slow acting as is often assumed. The endocrine and nervous systems are closely connected, and hormones are released by a range of different tissues in the body, not just the 'classical' endocrine organs. Steroid hormones are all made from cholesterol by a process called steroidogenesis, while peptide hormones are made just like any other protein. The effects of hormones are all as a result of the hormone binding to its receptor. These receptors are found in target tissues, and their cellular location depends on the chemical type of hormone. The chapter then looks at negative feedback control, which is the most effective means of regulating blood levels of hormones and their effects.
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In summary, nutritionally directed alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism appear to be adaptive and to serve important protective roles in the overall economy of the body. These adjustments to nutrition are found at practically every level of thyroid regulation, beginning in the CNS and ending with the final action of thyroid hormones in the nucleus of cells. The cellular actions of thyroid hormones modify, and are modified by, as yet poorly understood interrelationships with substrates and other hormones. The level and composition of the energy intake, including whether the organism is in energy balance, are important signals directing these hormonal adaptations.
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Gonadal hormones
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Abstract Abstract: Based on the classification of human hormones, there is no solid idea in most books. In this view, this article could exemplify a concrete solution, especially for medical and university students. Hormones have many life-saving roles in the human body. With the deficiency of hormones, our body might fall into lots of problems. Data analyses of much information from books, articles, online supplements gave different ideas on total hormones. The result suggested that some hormones were secret from the same glands. Out of 110 hormones (when the same hormone came from different sources), exact different types of hormones were 88. Analyzed hormones consisted of four major groups- amine (4 hormones), eicosanoid (4), steroid (15), and peptide were (65) out of 88 endocrine chemicals. The endocrine and reproductive system (56) jointly secreted most of the hormones, and secondly gastrointestinal tract (26 hormones). Besides the organ system or glands, some are come out from the cell, tissue, tissue system, and placenta. This paper also mentions, phenotypically males and females exhibit many differences, hence hormonal analyses; they are more or less the same. For instance, many sex hormones are also present both in males and females. In the future, it needs to enhance more research on the classification of the hormones in the human body.
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There is a widely accepted view that the endogenous substances, including hormones, do not have any mutagenous effect when present in the usual physiological concentrations. However, beside relative stability and permanence of the genetic material, its changeability is also needed to provide for the biological evolution. Thus, it is possible to expect that certain reactions, due to the complexity of the mechanism of the signal transduction under the effect of hormones, still lead to the creation of reactive derivatives able to inter-react with the DNA molecules thus encouraging the emergence of mutations. This paper gives a survey of the exploration of the hormones' genotoxic effects in various test-systems, namely, from the bacteric through the cell cultures and experiments in vivo upon laboratory guinea-pigs, up to the determination of the mutagenous effects in the people that were treated by hormones. The steroid hormones' effects are described in detail in the literature while, on the other hand, there is not sufficient knowledge yet about possible changes of the genetic material under the influence of the non-steroid hormones. The examinations of the steroid hormones geonotoxicity in the bacterial systems have mainly given negative results. In more complex eukaryotic systems in vitro and in vivo most of the steroid hormones manifest mutagenous effects, though the result may vary depending one the type of cell or the biological species used in the experiment. As for the non-steroid hormones, though they have been studied less, it seems that they do not mostly express mutagenous effects. Today it is clear that the steroid hormones (especially estrogen) are completely cancerigenic and that they are capable of encouraging the process of cancerogenesis both by inducing covalent simulating the cell division (tumor promoters).
Steroid hormone
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Abstract Based on the classification of human hormones, there is no solid idea in most books. In this view, this article could exemplify a concrete solution, especially for medical and university students. Hormones have many life-saving roles in the human body. With the deficiency of hormones, our body might fall into lots of problems. Data analyses of much information from books, articles, online supplements gave different ideas on total hormones. The result suggested that some hormones were secret from the same glands. Out of 110 hormones (when the same hormone came from different sources), exact different types of hormones were 88. Analyzed hormones consisted of four major groups- amine (4 hormones), eicosanoid (4), steroid (15), and peptide were (65) out of 88 endocrine chemicals. The endocrine and reproductive system (56) jointly secreted most of the hormones, and secondly gastrointestinal tract (26 hormones). Besides the organ system or glands, some are come out from the cell, tissue, tissue system, and placenta. This paper also mentions, phenotypically males and females exhibit many differences, hence hormonal analyses; they are more or less the same. For instance, many sex hormones are also present both in males and females. In the future, it needs to enhance more research on the classification of the hormones in the human body.
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