Erosion of the Southern Alps of New Zealand during the last deglaciation
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Research Article| October 08, 2018 Erosion of the Southern Alps of New Zealand during the last deglaciation Ruohong Jiao; Ruohong Jiao 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland2Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel3Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Frédéric Herman; Frédéric Herman 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Olivier Beyssac; Olivier Beyssac 4Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités–Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Thierry Adatte; Thierry Adatte 5Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Simon C. Cox; Simon C. Cox 6GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Faye E. Nelson; Faye E. Nelson 7Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Helen L. Neil Helen L. Neil 8National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Ruohong Jiao 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland2Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel3Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Frédéric Herman 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Olivier Beyssac 4Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités–Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France Thierry Adatte 5Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Simon C. Cox 6GNS Science, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Faye E. Nelson 7Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Helen L. Neil 8National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6021, New Zealand Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 17 May 2018 Revision Received: 02 Aug 2018 Accepted: 06 Sep 2018 First Online: 08 Oct 2018 Online Issn: 1943-2682 Print Issn: 0091-7613 © 2018 Geological Society of America Geology (2018) 46 (11): 975–978. https://doi.org/10.1130/G45160.1 Article history Received: 17 May 2018 Revision Received: 02 Aug 2018 Accepted: 06 Sep 2018 First Online: 08 Oct 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Ruohong Jiao, Frédéric Herman, Olivier Beyssac, Thierry Adatte, Simon C. Cox, Faye E. Nelson, Helen L. Neil; Erosion of the Southern Alps of New Zealand during the last deglaciation. Geology 2018;; 46 (11): 975–978. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G45160.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract During the Quaternary, periodic glaciations transformed mountain landscapes. However, characterizing the way in which mountain erosion changes between glacier- and river-dominated conditions has been elusive. Here, using samples from an offshore sedimentary core, we estimated the spatial distribution of erosion in the southern part of the Southern Alps of New Zealand during a full transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca. 20 ka, to the last millennium. Raman spectroscopy analyses of carbonaceous material revealed a marked change in the sediment provenance, which we interpreted to reflect the evolving erosion pattern of the mountain range. Over the Holocene, since at least ca. 9 ka, erosion was focused on the chlorite zone schist within the upper reaches of the valleys (>15–20 km distance from the mountain front), possibly dominated by large-magnitude landslides. During the last glaciation, the proportion of sediments from the biotite schist and higher-grade metamorphic rocks in the lower-lying areas closer to the mountain front (<15–20 km) was relatively higher, probably as a result of glacier carving. Our results suggest that glacier retreat during the last deglaciation caused an upstream localization of the high erosion rates, which is consistent with the snowline records in the Southern Alps and regional and global climate histories. 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Various concepts of the deglaciation of Finland are presented in the form of a historical review. The suggestions of an early (12,000–10,000 B.P) deglaciation of eastern and northern Finland are considered to be erroneous. A map depicting the ice recession as successive ice‐marginal lines is presented. According to radiocarbon dates the Finnish territory was entirely deglaciated slightly after 9000 B. P.
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Recent kineto‐stratigraphic studies (Berthelsen, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denm. 27 , 1978) indicate repeated advances and recessions and a correspondingly complex pattern of deglaciation. From mainly morphological studies Marcussen ( Danm. Geol. Unders . II: 110. 1977) advocates that only one Weichselian advance (from N and NE) occurred. Two of his key areas are discussed. His deglaciation model involves the formation of successively lower plains during the late Middle Weichselian due to glaciofluvial and ablation processes. It is shown that this model must be abandoned, because its implications contradict its basic assumptions.
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Since the first glaciation, the isolated continent of Antarctica has been covered with a thick sheet of ice. Multiple episodes of glaciation and deglaciation have transformed the continent and significantly perturbed the global climate in the past ~34 Ma. Understanding these deglaciation cycles and trends, especially concerning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), is essential for deciphering paleo-climatic alterations. A considerable amount of data is available regarding the deglaciation of West Antarctica, primarily from the Antarctic Peninsula; a handful of studies are available for East Antarctica. This chapter reviews the deglaciation chronology based on 379 available ages from the terrestrial part of East Antarctica based on the available instrumental data: radiocarbon dating, luminescence dating, and cosmogenic radionuclides dating. It is observed that coastal regions and inland Nunataks of Dronning Maud Land and Princess Elizabeth Land were ice free much before the LGM. Further east, the initiation of deglaciation around Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf started around ~20–18 ka years BP, and deglaciation in other parts of East Antarctica started after ~12 ka, as evident from regions of Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, and Wilkes Land. Based on three available absolute dating techniques, 14 C, OSL, and CRN, the available chronologies depict two major deglaciations, first before the LGM at 45–40 ka BP and the other post-LGM. The initiation of deglaciation in East Antarctica is around ~70 ka.
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Abstract Deglaciation chronologies for some sectors of former ice sheets are relatively poorly constrained because of the paucity of features or materials traditionally used to constrain the timing of deglaciation. In areas without good deglaciation varve chronologies and/or without widespread occurrence of material that indicates the start of earliest organic radiocarbon accumulations suitable for radiocarbon dating, typically only general patterns and chronologies of deglaciation have been deduced. However, mid-latitude ice sheets that had warm-based conditions close to their margins often produced distinctive deglaciation landform assemblages, including eskers, deltas, meltwater channels and aligned lineation systems. Because these features were formed or significantly altered during the last glaciation, boulder or bedrock samples from them have the potential to yield reliable deglaciation ages using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) for exposure age dating. Here we present the results of a methodological study designed to examine the consistency of TCN-based deglaciation ages from a range of deglaciation landforms at a site in northern Norway. The strong coherence between exposure ages across several landforms indicates great potential for using TCN techniques on features such as eskers, deltas and meltwater channels to enhance the temporal resolution of ice-sheet deglaciation chronologies over a range of spatial scales.
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Abstract Deglaciation of the Ross Sea following the last ice age provides an important opportunity to examine the stability of marine ice sheets and their susceptibility to changing environmental conditions. Insufficient chronology for Ross Sea deglaciation has helped sustain (i) the theory that this region contributed significantly to Meltwater Pulse 1A (MWP‐1A) and (ii) the idea that Ross Sea grounding‐line retreat occurred in a “swinging gate” pattern hinged north of Roosevelt Island. We present deglaciation records from southern Transantarctic Mountain glaciers, which delivered ice to the central Ross Sea. Abrupt thinning of these glaciers 9–8 kyr B.P. coincided with deglaciation of the Scott Coast, ∼800 km to the north, and ended with the Ross Sea grounding line near Shackleton Glacier. This deglaciation removed grounded ice from most of the central and western Ross Sea in less than 2 kyr. The Ross Sea Sector neither contributed nor responded significantly to MWP‐1A.
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Ole Humlum & Michael Houmark-Nielsen: High Deglaciation Rates in Denmark During the Late Weichselian—Implications for the Palaeoenvironment. Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 94:xx-xx. Copenhagen, Dec. 1994. Available geologic evidence suggests that the mean deglaciation rate in Denmark 18,000–17,000 calendar years BP was at least about 100 m/year, probably requiring a total vertical ice ablation of 30–35 m/year. This ablation value is large when compared to the amount of ice ablation that could be expected on physical grounds. The reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed and factors such as glacier bed strength characteristics, presence of marginal water bodies and occurrence of strong catabatic winds are suggested as environmental phenomena that should be taken into consideration when formulating dynamic deglaciation models and reconstructing the Late Weichselian palaeoenvironment in Denmark; climate alone does not explain the observed patterns and rates of deglaciation.
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A review is given of the past and present research on the deglaciation of Sweden north of the Middle Swedish End Moraines. Problems concerning the differences in the mode of deglaciation above and below the highest coastline and the activity of the ice are discussed. Dating of the deglaciation offers special problems. The clay‐varve method and radiocarbon dating of the beginning of organic sedimentation in particular are discussed.
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A minimum date of 8480 ± 155 14C yr B.P. on the deglaciation is reported. The date was obtained on a sample of wood fragments and is therefore not affected by old carbonate. The date is regarded as a reliable minimum date of the deglaciation. Another slightly older minimum date (8900 ± 140 14C yr B.P.) obtained on peat from the same locality is probably also reliable. Dates on early postglacial organic sediments from ten other localities are discussed. It is concluded that a large section of northern Lappland was deglaciated before 9000–8500 14C yr B.P. The number of high-quality 14C dates is at present insufficient to determine the pattern of deglaciation in Lappland.Problems involved in the 14C dating technique are discussed. It cannot be excluded that short-term fluctuations in the atmospheric content of 14C occurred around 9000 B P., and this may have influenced dates from this period.
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