Bisphenol A modulates inflammation and proliferation pathway in human endometrial stromal cells by inducing oxidative stress
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Proinflammatory cytokine
Reactive nitrogen species
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It is well established that the accumulation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), due to excessive generation of ROS and/or impaired antioxidant capacity of cells, can result in oxidative stress and cause oxidative damage to cells and their functions [...]
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Abstract Oxidative stress is associated with a number of degenerative disease states, such as cancer and AIDS. Fundamental to oxidative stress is the generation of superoxide, peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review focuses on the importance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the activation of oxygen and ROS generation, together with a discussion of defence mechanisms which can offer protection against oxidative stress. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.
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The concept and manifestation of stress and forms of environmental stress which was defined as a biological response to an event that an individual perceives as a threat to its homeostasis are linked to the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system. Under normal conditions, cells have well-developed antioxidants systems that minimize the pertubations caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, when ROS generations are increased to an extent that they overcome the cellular antioxidants then oxidative stress results. Oxidative stress is seen as a battle between inducers (pro-oxidants) and protective factors (antioxidants), because ROS are partially products of oxygen; they have a high chemical reactivity with other bio-macromolecules that may lead to lipid peroxidation and oxidation. Due to this reactivity, oxidative stress is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of environmental stress. Keywords : Environmental stress, Reactive oxygen species, Oxidative stress, Antioxidants.
Homeostasis
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Reactive oxygen species(ROS) are generated from the metabolism of aerobic cells.The over accumulation of ROS could lead to oxidative stress,which may cause cellular damage.Meanwhile,there exists an anti-oxidative stress system in the body to protect cells from oxidative injury.With more evidence revealed from recent studies,the role of ROS in the formation of human cancer has been well established.Imbalance of the pro-and anti-oxidative stress system might be the key factor of tumorigeness.Cervical carcinoma is a common malignant tumor in women worldwide,whereas the mechanisms underlying its development is still unknown.Recently,the role of ROS in human cervical carcinoma has been attracted attention in clinical or in vitro study.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the molecular oxygen derivatives that have at least one unpaired electron. Thus, ROS easily react with a number of cell structures causing a change in their functions. ROS produced in small quantities positively affect many cellular mechanisms, but in excess are responsible for the formation of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is considered a major cause of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Abolition of the adverse effects of ROS on organisms in order to maintain redox homeostasis is possible thanks to antioxidants. The research conducted mainly in recent years shows that the formation of arrhythmias may also be related to the phenomenon of oxidative stress. Oxidative damage to cell membranes in particular are causing changes in ion channel activity, which proper functioning is the basis for the formation of normal heart rhythm. Antioxidants seem to play a protective role against the formation of arrhythmias.
Homeostasis
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Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of a reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defense, leading to tissue damage. The produced reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and peroxyl radical result in damage to many biological molecules (including DNA, lipids, and protein), and the prolonged existence of these reactive oxygen species promotes severe tissue damage and cell death.[1,2] It has been proposed that there is a causal relationship between insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and periodontitis and that hyperglycemia is a major factor responsible for the activation of oxidative stress.[1,2]
Hydroxyl radical
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Mitochondria are known to generate approximately 90% of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and removal due to overproduction of ROS and/or decreased antioxidants defense activity results in oxidative stress (OS), which leads to oxidative damage that affects several cellular components such as lipids, DNA, and proteins. Since the kidney is a highly energetic organ, it is more vulnerable to damage caused by OS and thus its contribution to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This article aims to review the contribution of mtROS and OS to CKD progression and kidney function deterioration.
Mitochondrial ROS
Overproduction
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