Flame retardant exposure assessment: findings from a behavioral intervention study
Elizabeth A. GibsonHeather M. StapletonLehyla CaleroDarrell HolmesKimberly BurkeRodney MartinezBoris CortesAmy NematollahiDavid EvansJulie B. Herbstman
30
Citation
47
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been largely replaced by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and alternative brominated flame retardants (Alt-BFRs) to meet flammability requirements. Humans are ubiquitously exposed to some variety of flame retardants through contact with consumer products directly or through household dust. To evaluate the effectiveness of house cleaning and hand washing practices to reduce exposure to flame retardants, we measured concentrations in dermal hand wipes and urinary metabolites before and after assignment to two consecutive interventions. We selected 32 mother and child dyads from an existing cohort. This analysis focuses on mothers. Participants provided baseline measurements (urine, hand wipes, and questionnaires) and were then assigned for 1 week to either a house cleaning (including instruction on proper technique and cleaning supplies) or hand washing (including instruction on proper technique and soaps) intervention arm. For the second week, participants were assigned to the second intervention in addition to their initial assignment, thus all subjects both washed their hands and cleaned according to the intervention guidelines during week 2. We collected measurements at the end of weeks 1 and 2. We found reductions in urinary analytes after week 1 of house cleaning (BCIPHIPP and ip-DPHP), week 1 of hand washing (BCIPP, BCIPHIPP, and tbutyl-DPHP), and week 2 of combined interventions (BCIPHIPP and tbutyl-DPHP), compare to baseline. We found no significant decline in hand wipes in the entire sample but did find reductions after week 1 of house cleaning (BDE 209), week 1 of hand washing (TCEP), and week 2 of combined interventions (TDCIPP and BDE 209) in women with exposure above the median at baseline (verified through simulations). Exposure to individual flame retardants was reduced by about half, in some cases, by 1 week of increased hand washing, house cleaning to reduce dust, or combined activities.Flame retardant materials have been increased in many application field lately. There are many regulations of flame retardant materials in the world such as WEEE, RoHS, UL, CSA and AS speci-Fications.Recently in these requirement, not only flame retardant properties but also enviromental safety are included and must take care of these inclination to select the flame retardant agents.I introduced the typical flame retardant regulation in EU and Japan, and the present situation of flame retardant agents in this paper.The role of flame retardant mechanisms to develop new agents should now be reconsidered again.
Cite
Citations (7)
In order to explore preliminarily the potential risk of the complex pollutants containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)from biotic samples from E-waste treating areas,the complex pollutants containing PBDEs were extracted from Sanhuang chicken samples from an E-waste recycling region.Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to the extracts for 6d,and the cell proliferation and mRNA expression of pS2,an estrogen-target gene,were determined.Results showed that the extracts had no cytotoxic effects but suppressed significantly the cell proliferation and mRNA expression of pS2 in MCF-7 cells.The extracts exhibited anti-estrogenic activity.The results suggest that complex pollutants containing PBDEs from E-waste recycling regions have certain potential risk for animal and human health.
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Cite
Citations (0)
Dry weight
Wet weight
Cite
Citations (24)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a kind of important Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR), are widely used in electronic products, construction materials and textiles. PBDEs have been detected in many environmental media (including air, water, dust, sediment and food), many animal and human tissues. For their environmental persistence, high bioaccumulative and multiple biotoxicitiies, PBDEs have been viewed as one of the most concerned environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) at present. Although detailed mechanisms are not clear, studies have found that PBDEs can induce toxicity to liver, endocrine system, nervous system, reproduction and immune system. What's more, lots of experiments indicate that PBDEs exposure can alter the levels of thyroid hormones. Recently, studies on the impact of PBDEs exposure on thyroid hormones have been quite a few and have not reached an agreement, especially on the alternation of thyroid hormones caused by PBDEs exposure, which has also been a hot issue. This paper reviews from the basic properties, usage, exposure and biotoxicity of PBDEs. We mainly introduce the impact PBDEs have on the thyroid and thyroid hormones in terms of biotoxicity, and attach importance to the endocrine disruption and neurodeveloptoxicity. We also give a preliminary introduction to hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers, structural analogs of PBDEs, which researchers start late to study. This paper can be a reference for the further research on PBDEs exposure and biotoxicity.多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）是一种重要的溴代阻燃剂，广泛应用于电子产品、建筑材料和纺织品中。同时，PBDEs已在多种环境介质（空气、水、土壤、沉积物和食物）、多种动物和人体组织中检出。因具有环境持久性、高生物蓄积性和多种生物毒性等性质，是目前备受关注的环境内分泌干扰物之一。PBDEs具有多方面毒性，其中,通过影响甲状腺激素，从而对机体所造成的内分泌干扰和神经发育毒性影响更是研究热点。本文从PBDEs的基本性质、使用现状、暴露情况及生物毒性展开叙述，并在生物毒性中重点围绕对甲状腺及甲状腺激素的影响，重点介绍与之相关的内分泌干扰和神经发育毒性。同时涉及到研究起步较晚PBDEs结构类似物（羟基多溴联苯醚和甲氧基多溴联苯醚）的初步介绍，为PBDEs暴露情况和生物毒性的进一步研究提供参考。.
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Cite
Citations (1)
The paper plate is treated by the watery intumescent fire retardant.First,the watery fire retardant,whose component is modified amidinourea phosphate is prepared,then the 125g ordinary paper plate is macerated in the fire retardant liquid with different mass concentration for 5 min,and baked to constant weight in vacuum dry oven at 80 ℃.After the sample is treated by the fire retardant liquid of above 15% mass concentration,its combustion properties fit with claims of the standards.The sample macerated by the watery fire retardant possesses evident fire retardant effect.
Intumescent
Cite
Citations (0)
A new organic phosphorus flame retardant—hydroxmethylphenylphosphinic acid(HMPPA) is synthesized,and characterized through IR,~1HNMR,MS.HMPPA is copolymerized with PET to synthesize the flame retardant and the flame retardant properties are investigated by limited oxygen index analysis.The thermal stability of HMPPA is compared with the commercial product,2-carboxethyl phenylphosphinic acid(CEPPA).Both the thermal stability of the two flame retardant monomers and their flame retardant properties indicate that HMPPA is a good updater of CEPPA.
Thermal Stability
Cite
Citations (0)
The flame retardant characteristics of PP/MMt nanocomomposites,included the preparation methods,the characterization microstructures,analytical techniques of flame retardant,and also the burning behavior and the mechanism of flame retardant were reviewed.Some unsolved problems and development potentials for this flame retardant approach were presented.
Characterization
Cite
Citations (0)
By making use of synergistic effect of fire retardant elements, fire re,ardant liquid is investigated. This fire retardant liquid has good fire retardant effects and is low cost suitable for fire retardant products made of timber, when ignited with flame only carbonated without combustion.
Cite
Citations (0)
Phosphorus-nitrogen fire retardant was used as the working fluid to study the fire-retardant technology on cotton fabrics.The process of long-lasting fire retardant technology,the technological conditions and the effect of fire retardant on cotton fabrics were introduced.According to the fire-retardant synergies theory,a new phosphorus-nitrogen(P-N) fire retardant called Fr-21 which was developed by the chemistry department of Zhengzhou University was used in this experiment.Fr-21 is innocuous,LSZH environmental and water-soluble.It had excellent fire retardant effect,did not damage the brute force and hand feeling of fabrics.
Cite
Citations (0)