Synergistic Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on Quantitative Limitations to Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
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The inhibition of the net CO2 assimilation (A) during photosynthesis is one of the major physiological effects of both nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) deficiencies on rice growth. Whether the reduction in A arises from a limitation in either the diffusion and biochemical fixation of CO2 or photochemical energy conversion is still debated in relation to N and K deficiencies. In this study, the gas exchange parameters of rice under different N and K levels were evaluated and limitations within the photosynthetic carbon capture process were quantified. A was increased by 17.3 and 12.1% for the supply of N and K, respectively. The suitable N/K ratio should be maintained from 1.42 to 1.50. The limitation results indicated that A is primarily limited by the biochemical process. The stomatal conductance (LS), mesophyll conductance (LM), and biochemical (LB) limitations were regulated by 26.6–79.9, 24.4–54.1, and 44.1–75.2%, respectively, with the N and K supply.Keywords:
Oryza
ABSTRACT The genus Oryza has given rise to rice ( Oryza sativa L.), a major source of food for much of the human population. The Oryza genus is small, including only 23 species, but it is remarkably diverse in terms of its ecological adaptation. This diversity may not be only restricted to ecological characteristics but also to kernel end‐use quality characteristics. This study was undertaken to evaluate Oryza species as a gene pool for improving the properties of rice bran for human consumption. Several accessions of 13 Oryza species were grown in a greenhouse, along with eight rice ( Oryza sativa L.) accessions displaying low and high bran oil content, as well as low and high palmitic acid content. The total lipid content of the Oryza species was within the range found for Oryza sativa accessions. However, the level of palmitic acid in the O. species was as high as that reported for soybean high‐palmitic acid mutants. Oryza species also contained higher levels of the γ‐oryzanol and phenolic fractions compared to cultivated rice. Low or not significant phenotypic correlations between lipid, palmitic acid, and γ‐oryzanol suggest that these fractions in cultivated rice could be increased simultaneously using several of the Oryza species accessions identified in this study. A cultivar with enhanced levels of these fractions would be suitable for use in the production of high γ‐oryzanol margarine, shortening, and frying oils.
Oryza
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ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Zinati Z, Barati V. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches. BioTechnologia. 2018;99(4):385-400. doi:10.5114/bta.2018.79969. APA Zinati, Z., & Barati, V. (2018). Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches. BioTechnologia, 99(4), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2018.79969 Chicago Zinati, Zahra, and Vahid Barati. 2018. "Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches". BioTechnologia 99 (4): 385-400. doi:10.5114/bta.2018.79969. Harvard Zinati, Z., and Barati, V. (2018). Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches. BioTechnologia, 99(4), pp.385-400. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2018.79969 MLA Zinati, Zahra et al. "Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches." BioTechnologia, vol. 99, no. 4, 2018, pp. 385-400. doi:10.5114/bta.2018.79969. Vancouver Zinati Z, Barati V. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of drought stress tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using computational approaches. BioTechnologia. 2018;99(4):385-400. doi:10.5114/bta.2018.79969.
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Drought stress
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ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Zinati Z. Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance. BioTechnologia. 2017;98(3):195-208. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70798. APA Zinati, Z. (2017). Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance. BioTechnologia, 98(3), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2017.70798 Chicago Zinati, Zahra. 2017. "Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance". BioTechnologia 98 (3): 195-208. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70798. Harvard Zinati, Z. (2017). Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance. BioTechnologia, 98(3), pp.195-208. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2017.70798 MLA Zinati, Zahra. "Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance." BioTechnologia, vol. 98, no. 3, 2017, pp. 195-208. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70798. Vancouver Zinati Z. Identification of novel genes potentially involved in rice (Oryza sativa L.) drought tolerance. BioTechnologia. 2017;98(3):195-208. doi:10.5114/bta.2017.70798.
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Plant Physiology
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The effect of potassium and nitrogen was studied on the growth and chemical composition of wheat grown on eight representative Rajasthan soils. In general, the percentage crop response was higher due to nitrogen than to potassium and potassium-nitrogen interaction was not significant in most of the soils. Chemical composition of the plant showed that absorption of nitrogen increased with its application but was suppressed by Potassium. Potassium uptake increased with the addition of potash and more so in combination with nitrogen.
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Rice species (Oryza sativa, L. and Oryza glaberrima, Steud) provide 20% energy of world's food. Knowledge of genetic variability is important to remove duplicate materials for gene bank management and conservation. In this study, 59 microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 54 intraspecific (Oryza sativa) and interspecific (Oryza sativa X Oryza glaberrima) irrigated rice varieties by PCR-SSR. A total of 250 alleles were detected with an average of 4.24 alleles per SSR. Genetic diversity was ranged from 0.0713 (RM333, RM3744) to 0.8937 (RM251) to with an average of 0.4325. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) varied from 0.0688 (RM333, RM3744) to 0.8854 (RM251) with an average of 0.3940. Rice genotypes were shared between five Groups based on their similarity with majority of them (64.81%) under Group V. Variety SK 7-8 within Group III was highly dissimilar to other varieties. Malian varieties were shared out between Groups II, III, VI and V. Strong genetic variability was observed within cluster V2 of Group V among the most cultivated and appreciated rice varieties such as Kogoni 91-1, Adny11 and BG90-2. Allelic variability observed among rice varieties could help breeding programs to identify cultivars with good agronomic traits for crop improvement.
Oryza
Genetic Variability
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Oryza
Rice plant
Red rice
Upland rice
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Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient that is frequently inaccessible to plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants employ the Combined Strategy for Fe uptake, which is composed by all features of Strategy II, common to all Poaceae species, and some features of Strategy I, common to non-Poaceae species. To understand the evolution of Fe uptake mechanisms, we analyzed the root transcriptomic response to Fe deficiency in O. sativa and its wild progenitor O. rufipogon. We identified 622 and 2,017 differentially expressed genes in O. sativa and O. rufipogon, respectively. Among the genes up-regulated in both species, we found Fe transporters associated with Strategy I, such as IRT1, IRT2 and NRAMP1; and genes associated with Strategy II, such as YSL15 and IRO2. In order to evaluate the conservation of these Strategies among other Poaceae, we identified the orthologs of these genes in nine species from the Oryza genus, maize and sorghum, and evaluated their expression profile in response to low Fe condition. Our results indicate that the Combined Strategy is not specific to O. sativa as previously proposed, but also present in species of the Oryza genus closely related to domesticated rice, and originated around the same time the AA genome lineage within Oryza diversified. Therefore, adaptation to Fe2+ acquisition via IRT1 in flooded soils precedes O. sativa domestication.
Oryza rufipogon
Oryza
Genetic algorithm
Lineage (genetic)
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Red rice from the southern United States was collected and analyzed using Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP) markers in an effort to test the assumption that red rice is Oryza sativa ssp. indica. The 18 markers used are distributed across all 12 chromosomes of the rice genome and can be used to distinguish between sibling cultivars. The results indicate that traditional classification of red rice based on morphological characteristics alone is inadequate. Some red rice was closely related to Oryza sativa ssp. indica, while other red rice was more closely related to Oryza sativa ssp. japonica. Some red rice samples collected from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas are very closely related to the noxious weed, Oryza rufipogon accession IRGC 105491. This research revealed that different classes of red rice are intermingled across the southern United States rice belt. Within individual commercial production fields, Oryza sativa ssp. indica-like red rice and Oryza rufipogon-like red rice can be found within a single 9 m² collection site. In 2000 and 2001, studies were conducted at several locations across the Texas rice-producing region with imidazolinone tolerant rice to determine the most efficacious sequential application rate and timing of imazethapyr for control of red rice and other weeds. At Beaumont, red rice and barnyardgrass control was greater than 94% with 0.07, 0.09 and 0.10 kg/ha preplant incorporated or preemergence followed by at least 0.04 kg/ha early postemergence on a clay soil. Broadleaf signalgrass control near Eagle Lake showed that preplant incorporated and preemergence applications followed by early postemergence applications provided greater than 86% control in 2000, and greater than 90% control in 2001. Sequential postemergence applications at Beaumont resulted in greater than 95% red rice and barnyardgrass control when 0.04 kg/ha late postemergence followed any early postemergence application. Sequential postemergence applications controlled broadleaf signalgrass greater than 98% in both years. Red rice control at Lissie on a fine sandy loam soil was at least 98% with all sequential treatments. Crop injury was found to be a function of the postemergence application in all studies. Crop yields were not reduced by early season crop injury from imazethapyr applications, regardless of soil type.
Red rice
Oryza rufipogon
Oryza
Weedy rice
Eleusine indica
Paddy field
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Field experiments were carried out at two different locations in Prince Edward Island each year for 3 consecutive years to determine the effects of added nitrogen and potassium on yields of rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) and subsequent losses during a 6-mo period in two storage regimes. Preseeding applications of nitrogen at 120 kg ha −1 compared to 40 kg ha −1 increased marketable yields by 7–18%. Applications of potassium at 180 kg ha −1 compared to 60 kg ha −1 had no effect on marketable yields. Mean weight losses from dehydration of rutabagas held for 6 mo at about 2 °C and 95% RH and at about 5 °C and 90% RH were 5.2% and 10.8%, respectively, and were not affected by the nitrogen and potassium treatments. Also, the nitrogen and potassium treatments had no effect on the proportion of the rutabagas that remained in marketable condition during the storage period. Analysis of leaf tissue collected when the rutabaga roots began to enlarge indicated that nitrogen and potassium concentrations of approximately 5.0–6.0% and 2.1–5.9%, respectively, are within the sufficiency range.Key words: Rutabaga, Brassica napobrassica, yield, storability, nitrogen, potassium
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From the present study, it could be concluded that the highest concentration of nitrogen in wheat grains was obtained at 90 kg N fed-1 in the presence of potassium and spraying with boron. Increasing nitrogen levels increased the amount of nitrogen uptake by grains of wheat. Also the crude protein (%) in grains increased gradually with increasing nitrogen level in the presence of potassium and spraying with boron. The highest concentration of K in grains of wheat was obtained at the high levels of nitrogen in the presence of potassium and spraying with boron. Also the highest amounts of K uptake by the grains of wheat were recorded by the high levels of nitrogen in the presence of potassium and spraying of boron.
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