Hydrogels, DNA, and RNA polypeptides for the preparation of biomaterials
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Hydrogels, polymeric network materials, are capable of swelling and holding the bulk of water in their three-dimensional structures upon swelling. In recent years, hydrogels have witnessed increased attention in food and biomedical applications. In this paper, the available literature related to the design concepts, types, functionalities, and applications of hydrogels with special emphasis on food applications was reviewed. Hydrogels from natural polymers are preferred over synthetic hydrogels. They are predominantly used in diverse food applications for example in encapsulation, drug delivery, packaging, and more recently for the fabrication of structured foods. Natural polymeric hydrogels offer immense benefits due to their extraordinary biocompatible nature. Hydrogels based on natural/edible polymers, for example, those from polysaccharides and proteins, can serve as prospective alternatives to synthetic polymer-based hydrogels. The utilization of hydrogels has so far been limited, despite their prospects to address various issues in the food industries. More research is needed to develop biomimetic hydrogels, which can imitate the biological characteristics in addition to the physicochemical properties of natural materials for different food applications.
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The abilities of intelligent polymer hydrogels to change their structure and volume phase in response to external stimuli have provided new possibilities for various advanced technologies and great research and application potentials in the medical field. The natural polymer-based hydrogels have the advantages of environment-friendliness, rich sources and good biocompatibility. Based on their responsiveness to external stimuli, the natural polymer-based hydrogels can be classified into the temperature-responsive hydrogel, pH-responsive hydrogel, light-responsive hydrogel, electricresponsive hydrogel, redox-responsive hydrogel, enzyme-responsive hydrogel, magnetic-responsive hydrogel, multi-responsive hydrogel, etc. In this review, we have compiled some recent studies on natural polymer-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels, especially the hydrogels prepared from polysaccharides. The preparation methods, properties and applications of these hydrogels in the medical field are highlighted.
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Hydrogels with large specific surface area, high water content, tissue similarity, three-dimensional bionic structure, adjustable conductive path, stimulus responsiveness and many other excellent characteristics have become the most potential candidate for biomedical applications. Among them, hydrogels derived from natural polymers are arousing wide attention due to its excellent biological activity and distinctive physicochemical properties. Hence, this review concentrates on the recent trends in natural polymer-based hydrogels in the field of biomedical applications. First, we give a summary of the common natural materials for hydrogel fabrications, including polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols. Next, we discuss the design strategies of natural polymer-based hydrogels based on the physical or chemical cross-linking reactions. Then, we outline the fundamental functions of natural polymer-based hydrogels required for biomedical applications. Further, we summarized the representative biomedical applications of natural polymer-based hydrogels. Finally, we make concluding commentaries on the challenges and prospects about natural polymer-based hydrogels for biomedical applications. We hope this review will provide insightful information for future development of natural polymer-based hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Alginate and chitosan are two natural polymers with many unique properties. Both polymers can be made into fibres through the wet-spinning process. This article reviews the chemical structures of alginate and chitosan and compares their performances as novel biomaterials.
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Hydrogels have a three-dimensional network structure and high-water content, are similar in structure to the extracellular matrix, and are often used as wound dressings. Natural polymers have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability and are commonly utilized to prepare hydrogels. Natural-polymer-based hydrogels can have excellent antibacterial and bioactive properties by loading antibacterial agents or being combined with therapeutics such as phototherapy, which has great advantages in the field of treatment of microbial infections. In the published reviews of hydrogels used in the treatment of infectious wounds, the common classification criteria of hydrogels include function, source of antibacterial properties, type of antibacterial agent, etc. However, there are few reviews on the classification of hydrogels based on raw materials, and the description of natural-polymer-based hydrogels is not comprehensive and detailed. In this paper, based on the principle of material classification, the characteristics of seven types of natural polymers that can be used to prepare hydrogels are discussed, respectively, and the application of natural-polymer-based hydrogels in the treatment of infectious wounds is described in detail. Finally, the research status, limitations, and prospects of natural-polymer-based hydrogels are briefly discussed.
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Abstract Hydrogels based on natural polymers have bright application prospects in biomedical fields due to their outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the poor mechanical performances of pure natural polymer‐based hydrogels greatly limit their application prospects. Recently, a variety of strategies has been applied to prepare natural polymer‐based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, which generally exhibit stiffening, strengthening, and stretchable behaviors. This article summarizes the recent progress of natural polymer‐based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties. From a structure point of view, four kinds of hydrogel are reviewed; double network hydrogels, nanocomposite hydrogels, click chemistry‐based hydrogels, and supramolecular hydrogels. For each typical hydrogel, its preparation, structure, and mechanical performance are introduced in detail. At the end of this article, the current challenges and future prospects of hydrogels based on natural polymers are discussed and it is pointed out that 3D printing may offer a new platform for the development of natural polymer‐based hydrogels.
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