EHV-1 Infection of the Equine Male Genital Tract
Christiane OtzdorffKim S. GiesslerCorinna HauptSusanna SamoilowaGisela Soboll HusseyMatti KiupelKaspar MatiasekLutz S. Goehring
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Human multitasking
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Time pressures in paid work and household labor have intensified in recent decades because of the increase in dual-earner families and long and nonstandard employment hours. This analysis uses U.S. time-diary data from 1998 to 2000 to investigate the association of employment and household multitasking. Results indicate that mothers do more multitasking than fathers and the gender gap in household labor is largest for the most intense type of multitasking: combining housework and child care. In addition, mothers employed for long hours spend more time multitasking than mothers employed 35–40h per week. It appears that motivations for multitasking are heterogeneous: some multitasking is done out of convenience, whereas other multitaskings are a strategy used to manage too much work in too little time.
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This paper analyses whether there is a causal relationship between work-related mental health problems and multitasking, the number of tasks performed at work. The data comes from two cross sectional surveys on the German working population. The empirical strategies uses technological change as an instrument for multitasking. In the first stage, the introduction of new production and information technologies is associated with increases in multitasking. Production technology adoption has larger associations to manual multitasking and informational technology adoption to cognitive multitasking. There is evidence for a causal effect of multitasking on emotional strain, emotional exhaustion and burnout.
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Abstract Multitasking has become increasingly prevalent, especially as we continue to incorporate more and more new media technologies into our daily activities. This essay first identifies trends in the availability and use of media devices in daily life and multitasking behaviors related to such trends. Second, given the general consensus that multitasking impairs performance outcomes, recent multitasking trends call for greater research attention to the subject. We outline the historical perspectives on cognitive structures and processes related to a human's general ability to multitask, culminating with the more recent threaded cognition theory. Third, we present two new research directions on multitasking. One is the exploration of long‐term consequences of multitasking behaviors, such as their impacts on cognitive functions, and dynamic changes in individuals' needs and multitasking behavioral changes over time; the other is a cognitive dimensional framework for defining multitasking, which may offer a means to reconcile findings across various multitasking research paradigms, and also to guide designs of multitasking technologies and environments. Finally, looking to the future, we propose several ways to advance the research on multitasking.
Human multitasking
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Multitasking is a common feature of many modern work and home environments, and this study investigated the relationship between multitasking performance in two different paradigms: a more controlled task-switching paradigm (TSWP) and a more complex, semi-ecologically valid multitasking paradigm (SynWin). The study also explored whether parallel processors may have performance advantages in a complex dual-task environment. Results showed no significant correlation between individual multitasking efficiency in the TSWP and SynWin paradigms. Additionally, the results indicated that the combination of subtasks was the primary factor affecting performance in dual-task variants of the SynWin, rather than the use of a parallel processing mode. We conclude that there may be constraints with respect to the experimental conditions necessary to generalize findings from controlled multitasking paradigms to semi-ecologically valid tasks scenarios. Future research should prioritize efforts to understand how people multitask in more realistic settings and the underlying cognitive processes involved.
Human multitasking
Task Switching
Task Analysis
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Background. Human multitasking is typically defined as the practice of performing more than one task at the same time (dual-task) or rapidly alternating between multiple tasks (task switching). The majority of research in multitasking has been focusing on individual paradigms, with surprisingly little effort in understanding their relationships. Methods. We adopted an individual-differences approach to reveal the limitations underlying multitasking costs measured in different paradigms. Results. Exploratory factor analyses revealed not a general multitasking factor but instead three different processing limitations associated with response selection, retrieval and maintenance of task information, and task-set reconfiguration. The three factors were only weakly correlated with and thus not reducible to common measures of processing speed, working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Males and females excelled in different aspects of multitasking, demonstrating the benefit of using a multifaceted view of multitasking competency in group comparison. Discussion. Findings of the current study help resolve conflicting results between studies using different paradigms, and form the basis of more comprehensive measurement tools and training protocols covering different aspects of multitasking limitations. The study will also help future integration of multitasking abilities into the theoretical framework of executive function.
Human multitasking
Task Switching
Control reconfiguration
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Human multitasking
Everyday Life
Task Switching
Cognitive flexibility
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Multitasking using information systems (IS) often results in a blurring between personal and work lives. Prior literature overwhelmingly points to negative effects of traditional multitasking. Surprisingly, research on IS multitasking is relatively scarce. To address this gap, we hypothesize and test a research model of IS multitasking. Contrary to prior research, we find that IS multitasking yields significant positive outcomes. Our study has implications for attitudes toward IS multitasking, designing training activities, and multitasking systems.
Human multitasking
Computer multitasking
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Background. Human multitasking is typically defined as the practice of performing more than one task at the same time (dual-task) or rapidly alternating between multiple tasks (task switching). The majority of research in multitasking has been focusing on individual paradigms, with surprisingly little effort in understanding their relationships. Methods. We adopted an individual-differences approach to reveal the limitations underlying multitasking costs measured in different paradigms. Results. Exploratory factor analyses revealed not a general multitasking factor but instead three different processing limitations associated with response selection, retrieval and maintenance of task information, and task-set reconfiguration. The three factors were only weakly correlated with and thus not reducible to common measures of processing speed, working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. Males and females excelled in different aspects of multitasking, demonstrating the benefit of using a multifaceted view of multitasking competency in group comparison. Discussion. Findings of the current study help resolve conflicting results between studies using different paradigms, and form the basis of more comprehensive measurement tools and training protocols covering different aspects of multitasking limitations. The study will also help future integration of multitasking abilities into the theoretical framework of executive function.
Human multitasking
Task Switching
Control reconfiguration
Exploratory research
Task Analysis
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Human multitasking
Task Switching
Control reconfiguration
Exploratory research
Task Analysis
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Although research evidence indicates that multitasking results in poorer learning and poorer performance, many students engage with text messaging, Facebook, internet searching, emailing, and instant messaging, while sitting in university classrooms. Research also suggests that multitasking may be related to risk behaviors. This study's purpose was to describe the multitasking behaviors occurring in university classrooms and to determine relationships between multitasking and risk behaviors. Surveys assessing multitasking, grades, and risk behaviors were completed by 774 students. Results show that the majority of students engage in classroom multitasking, which is significantly related to lower GPA and an increase in risk behaviors.
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