Separation of neptunium (IV) from actinides by solid phase extraction using a resin containing Aliquat 336
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Nitric acid
Thermogravimetry
Aliquat 336
Hydrochloric acid
Ion-exchange resin
An important reason for the inefficient extraction of Cr(VI) from its acidic solutions into polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), consisting of poly(vinyl chloride) as the base-polymer and Aliquat 336 as the carrier, was found to be associated with the leaching of Aliquat 336 from the PIMs into the solutions, where it subsequently reduced the anionic Cr(VI) species to cationic Cr(III) species. The PIM extraction efficiency for Cr(VI) was significantly improved by the addition of NaNO3 to the solutions, which suppressed the leaching of Aliquat 336 and the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).
Aliquat 336
Cationic polymerization
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Several substituted diglycolamides, namely TPDGA, THDGA, TODGA, and TDDGA, were evaluated in a comparative study on the extraction of hexavalent actinide ions such as UO22+, NpO22+, and PuO22+ from nitric acid medium. The acid extraction constants (KH) for the diglycolamides were determined to be 3.8 ± 0.6, 1.6 ± 0.1, 4.1 ± 0.4, and 1.4 ± 0.2 for TPDGA, THDGA, TODGA, and TDDGA, respectively. Though metal ion extraction generally increased with increasing the feed acid concentration, the nature of the extracted species changed with aqueous-phase acidity. While complexes of the type MO2(NO3)2·nL (where L is the diglycolamide extractant and n is 1 and 2) were found to be extracted at 1 M HNO3, the average number of ligand molecules associated with the complex decreased to ˜1 when the nitric acid concentration increased to 3 M. These results have great significance from the actinide separation point of view, as the actinides ions can be made virtually inextractable by adjusting their oxidation state. The thermodynamic parameters were also calculated, which indicated spontaneous reactions with large exothermicities.
Nitric acid
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The ability of the synthesized CTA-Aliquat 336 Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) for removing heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+) from aqueous solution were investigated. This study provides important kinetic data necessary for adsorption of different heavy metal ions on CTA-Aliquat 336 PIMs. The kinetic studies were evaluated by simulating the data using Legergren first order kinetics model. The uptake kinetic of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) in PIMs containing different concentration of Aliquat for various duration was quantified. The maximum adsorption uptake of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+ were found to be 7.4, 6.7 and 1.7 mg/g respectively after 2 hours at the 50 wt.% of Aliquat 336 concentration. In the absence of Aliquat 336, there is no significant metal uptake in CTA-Aliquat 336 PIMs which can served as an effective barrier to ion permeation.
Aliquat 336
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This research aimed to investigate the removal and recovery rate of Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) using Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) and Electrospun Fibers made from cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the base polymer and Aliquat 336 as an extractant. The CTA/Aliquat 336 PIMs was prepared using conventional method while the CTA/Aliquat 336 electropun fibers was prepared by electrospinnig process. Different Aliquat 336 concentration was used to investigate the extraction performance of both CTA/Aliquat 336 PIMs and electropun fibers. Based on the results, the extraction efficiency for CTA/Aliquat 336 PIMs and electropun fibers of Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) ions increased with the increasing of Aliquat 336 content. The results shown that highest extraction rate of Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) by using CTA/Aliquat 336 PIMs containing highest concentration 40 wt. % of Aliquat 336 content were 98%, 75% and 31% respectively. While the highest extraction rate of Cd(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) by using CTA/Aliquat 336 electrospun fibers containing highest concentration 4 wt.% of Aliquat 336 content were 46%, 44% and 42% respectively. There was a significant change in the extraction of removal Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) by using CTA/Aliquat 336 PlMs containing 20 to 40 wt. % Aliquat 336 content. While the CTA/Aliquat 336 PlMs without Aliquat 336 content and at low concentration 10 wt. % Aliquat 336 therewas no extraction could be observed. Besides, there was no significant change of recovery Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) by using HCl as desorption solution. Moreover, there was a significant extraction in extraction of removal Cd(II), Zn(II) and Fe(II) by using CTA/Aliquat 336 electropun fibers even at low Aliquat 336 content which is 4 wt.%. In contrast, the extraction of Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) in PIMs needs to exceed the percolation threshold of 20 wt. % Aliquat 336 content. Therefore, results from extraction efficiency showed that CTA/Aliquat 336 electrospun fibers have higher absorption capacity compared to CTA/Aliquat 336 PIMs which clarify that they have better extraction. By comparison, the extraction efficiency for removal metal ions was increased in order Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) for both CTA/Aliquat 336 PlMs and electrospun fibers. On the other hand, the morphology of both CTA/Aliquat 336 electrospun fibers was uniform, small and densely packed. It appears that the Aliquat 336 content influence the formation of beads of CTA/Aliquat 336 electrsospun fiber but the level of significance may vary with the applied voltage or in this case Aliquat 336 concentration.
Aliquat 336
Cellulose triacetate
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Nitric acid
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Aliquat-336-impregnated alginate capsule (Aliquat-336-AC) was fabricated using a facile method. Ionic liquid Aliquat-336 was used as a model extractant owing to its good extraction performance toward precious metals (PMs). Aliquat-336-AC was prepared by dropping the mixture solution (Aliquat-336 + Tween 80 + CaCl 2 ) into the alginate solution. CaCl 2 was used to form Ca-alginate shell, leading to Aliquat-336-AC. Two types of binary metal solutions, Au (III)/Pt (IV) and Au (III)/Pd (II) were used to evaluate metal sorption capacity of Aliquat-336-AC. The maximum Au (III) uptake in Au (III)/Pt (IV) and Au (III)/Pd (II) systems were 61.38 and 82.97 mg/g, respectively. Whereas, the uptakes of Pt (IV) and Pd (II) were almost closed to zero, indicating excellent Au (III) selectivity of Aliquat-336-AC. A comparative study was carried out between liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) using Aliquat-336 and solid/liquid adsorption (SLA) using Aliquat-336-AC for Au (III) selective recovery from Au (III)/Pt (IV) and Au (III)/Pd (II) solutions. The data of selectivity coefficients (α sel ) showed that the values of α Au/ Pt and α Au/ Pd were 10253.34 and 5817.61 in the SLA system, respectively. These values were much higher than 2033.38 of α Au/ Pt and 1879.80 of α Au/ Pd in the LLE system. Therefore, Aliquat-336-AC can be used as a selective adsorbent for Au (III).
Aliquat 336
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ABSTRACT The extraction of Pu(IV) by Aliquat-336 from aqueous nitric acid containing oxalic acid was studied with a view to exploring the feasibility of recovery of Pu(IV) from Pu(IV) oxalate precipitation effluents. Distribution ratio data were obtained as a function of concentration of nitric acid, oxalic acid and Aliquat-336. The data obtained revealed that Pu(IV) can be extracted almost quantitatively by 20% Aliquate-336 in xylene from aqueous medium containing oxalic acid up to 0.25 M provided the nitric acid concentration is ≥ 4 M. These data suggest that Pu(IV) can be recovered directly from nitric acid - oxalic acid waste generated in Pu-oxalate precipitation by Aliquat-336 extraction. Additional informationNotes on contributorsS.K. Patil Author to whom the correspondence may be addressed.
Nitric acid
Oxalic Acid
Aliquat 336
Hippuric acid
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Nitric acid
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The principles of thermogravimetry analysis in the test of textile fibers composition and TG curves analysis were introduced.The pyrolysis processs of onecomponent textile fiber were studied with TG analysis at programmed heating-up speed.Then the differences of TG curves about six kinds of textile fibers were compared and based, on the thermogravimetry curves linear superposition theory of mixtures, a thermogravimetry curve model of two-component mixture had gotten.Eventually an actual thermogravimetry curve of polyester-cotton fabrics verified the thermogravimetry curve model,it proved that thermogravimetry can apply on the quantitative analysis of mixed fibers.
Thermogravimetry
Textile
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Similarity of chemical and physical properties between rare-earth elements (REEs) and Dy is the main concern in order to get Dy with high purity, which it is necessary to do separation by extraction process. The purpose of this research is to obtain the optimum condition of operation (stirring time and rate, concentration of nitric acid, feed, and solvent) and determine the distribution constant, separation factor, and extraction efficiency of Dy using Aliquat 336. This research was conducted by varying stirring time (10, 15, 20, 30, 40 minutes), stirring rate (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 rpm), nitric acid concentration (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 N), feed concentration (25,000; 50,000; 100,000; 150,000; 200,000 ppm) and solvent concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 % v/v). The optimum result is achieved when operation is carried out at stirring 100 rpm about 15 minutes in nitric acid 3 N with 100,000 ppm of feed concentration using 30% solvent concentration (v/v) which extract more Dy element than Yttrium (Y) and Godolinium (Gd). The highest distribution constant of Dy is 0.427, separation factor of Dy-Y is 6.831, separation factor of Dy-Gd is 1.799, and extraction efficiency of Dy is 31.604%.
Nitric acid
Dysprosium
Aliquat 336
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