Needs and barriers in technical regulations and standards for the efficient use of water: situation in Portugal and Brazil
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Appropriate legislation, technical regulations and standards are essential to put into practice water-efficient technologies, procedures and products, both to promote the implementation and to avoid eventual barriers in the application of the adequate measures. In Portugal as in Brazil, efficient use of water and the reduction of water waste are important environmental goals. In the former, the National Program for the Efficient Use of Water for the urban, agricultural and industrial sectors is the base document for this purpose. In the latter, the National Program to Prevent the Waste of Water, for the urban sector, has been in action since 1997. The purpose of the paper is to present a brief overview of the current situation in terms of regulations and standards, highlighting the needs and some barriers, having as reference the situation in Portugal and Brazil, and the measures intended to be applied in the respective programs.Keywords:
Technical standard
The supervision system of administrative legislation is set up with the rise of administrative legislation. In the process, the emergence of the problems of administrative legislation urges the supervision system of administrative legislation to be con- structed pointedly with the characteristics of administrative legislation. This paper tries to define the supervision system of admin- istrative legislation briefly,and combining with the actual problems in our country to put forward proposals concerning the super- vision system of administrative legislation.
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Based on the enumeration of environment legislation in Taiyuan,the writer thinks that there are problems existing:formalism is very serious and neglecting attention and research to entity content and realistic question.In this view,the writer suggests we should consummate from five aspects as follows:change the idea of environmental legislation,definite the goal of environmental legislation,speed up the cleaning of environmental legislation,regulate the procedure of environmental legislation and ensure the implementation of environmental legislation,to explore a legislative pattern spreading through legislation in Taiyuan.
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To make subordinate legislation scientific in China is the objective requirement to implement the scientific development deeply, and is an important prerequisite for the rule of law. There are so many problems in subordinate legislation in China, such as the mind of subordinate legislation, the content of subordinate legislation, the technology of subordinate legislation, and so on. To strengthen subordinate legislation and improve the quality of subordinate legislation, we must establish people-oriented mind, improve the content of legislation, make legislative expert proof system sound, and establish the challenge syste of subordinate legislation.
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The first set of legislation for doctors in Denmark was conditional on a national need to regulate the conditions of the pharmaceutical and medical professions. By request of the king, this legislation, which came into force in 1672, was made by doctors residing in Denmark. These doctors had all been educated at foreign universities where the existing legislation had Roger II's and Friedrich II's legislation from the 12th and 13th centuries' South Italy as its source of inspiration. Thus, it is reasonable to presume that the doctors who participated in the making of the Danish legislation were familiar with this legislation. A translation into Danish of Roger II's and Friedrich II's sections regarding the work of a doctor has been made in order to be able to compare it with the content of the Danish set of legislation from 1672. The result of this comparison is that there are so many similarities that there can hardly be any doubt about the fact that the medieval legislation has been used as source for the Danish legislation from 1672.
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Modern legislation decision-making procedure varies in different counties and regions. After a survey of the various legislation decision-making procedures, this paper presents a reasonable summary of the procedures: first, before the legislation, there should be legislation investigation, legislation public display, legislation audition and argumentation; second, after the decision-making, there will be corresponding explanations. Only with these basic and necessary procedures can a democratic and scientific legislation decision-making be done.
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תקציר בעברית: מאמר זה דן במגמה מרכזית הניכרת בחקיקה הישראלית בשנים האחרונות: עלייתה של החקיקה הזמנית, המכונה בישראל "הוראות־שעה". חלקו הראשון של המאמר מציג מחקר אמפירי מקיף וראשון מסוגו על החקיקה הזמנית בישראל. המחקר חושף את מגמת הגידול בחקיקה הזמנית ואת מאפייניה של החקיקה הזמנית בישראל, לרבות שימושים שונים שהכנסת (ובעיקר הממשלה) עושה בחקיקה זמנית וכן כשלים בשימוש בחקיקה זמנית בישראל.על רקע זה, חציו השני של המאמר הוא נורמטיבי, ומטרתו להביא לידי טיוב השימוש בחקיקה זמנית בישראל. לאחר סקירת הוויכוח הנורמטיבי בין תומכי החקיקה הזמנית לבין מתנגדיה, המאמר מתמקד בשתי שאלות מרכזיות: מתי ראוי לעשות שימוש בחקיקה זמנית; וכיצד ראוי להשתמש בחקיקה זמנית. English Abstract: This article discusses a major trend in Israeli legislation in recent years: the rise of temporary (sunset) legislation. The first part of the article presents a first-of-its-kind empirical study on temporary legislation in Israel. The study reveals the growth trend in temporary legislation and the characteristics of temporary legislation in Israel, including the various uses of temporary legislation by the Knesset (and especially the government), as well as defects in the use of temporary legislation in Israel. Against this background, the second part of the article is normative and aims to improve the use of temporary legislation in Israel. After reviewing the normative debate for and against temporary legislation, the article focuses on two central questions: When is it appropriate to make use of temporary legislation; and how to design appropriate temporary legislation.
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Ladies and Gentlemen: We have all heard what passive smoking can do to us. In the next ten minutes or so, I will try to present what European States try to do, through legislation, to protect us. Speaking about legislation can be dull sometimes. However, legislation is an important tool in our fight against smoking and it is necessary to know at least a few things about it.
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The decision-making of legislation opportunity is a necessary factor considered in the process of making law,which is Crucial for the improvement of legislation quality.The legislation opportunities are the vari-ous subjective and objective conditions considered when a decision is made about whether legislation should be done or not and the choice of legislation time.The legislation opportunities includin opportunities to make laws,revise laws and abolish laws in an abroad sense.The legislators should consider the legislation need and legisla-tion possibility when choosing the legislation opportunity.The legislation need includes three factors,such as the extent and the depth of human relations in society,etc.The legislation possibility also includes three factors,such as the legislation ability,etc.Meanwhile,legislatos may made decisions about the opportunity by three means: predicting the legislationing need;drawing up the legislation plan and short-term legislationmodel.
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This paper,based on the urgency and necessity of evidence legislation systematically analyses the significance of perfecting evidence legislation and construction model,as well the current legislation state and main existing problems.Furthermore,it absorbs foreign practices and proposes relevant legislation suggestions from our actual conditions,which has profound significance for the research into perfecting evidence legislation and guiding juidical practices
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National legislation as well as national state is ancient and actual,much more attention should be paid on it in legislative research.Being a kind of special legislation,the legislative groundwork of national legislation is lain on the particularity of national problem. Shorting of definite legislative space,the development of national legislation has been confused until promulgating legislation law provides conveniences for extricating from the historical difficult position.Nationl legislation entrusted new historical mission and valuable pursuit.The key to clarify the independent space of national legislation is defining national legislation and local legislation strictly.
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