Sensors network diagnosis in anaerobic digestion processes using evidence theory
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Instrumentation defines a sensors network on a process. Hardware sensors indeed allow one to get different information sources that can be often cross-checked to provide reliable data. However, each of these sources of information contains some uncertainties, either due to the hardware sensors' measurement principles, to their possible fouling, to the estimated parameters of the models used in software sensors and/or to the specific structures of the software sensors. This paper demonstrates that, in this context, the evidence theory is a very well suited formalism for fault detection and diagnosis. This theory indeed allows one to take into account the exact knowledge supported by each source of information and to combine them in order to detect the occurring faults. Moreover, this combination guarantees the best fault isolability from a practical point of view and is suitable for multiple faults occurring at the same time. Finally, the evidence theory is a highly modular formalism since new information sources can be very easily added and old ones can be removed. Validation is performed using real-life experiments from a 1 m3 anaerobic digestion fixed bed process used applied to the treatment of winery wastewaters.Keywords:
Formalism (music)
Control reconfiguration
Autonomous agent
Mobile agent
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Recognising that differences in knowledge cultures and power in the co-construction of knowledge exist, means that work is required to create mechanisms for bridging. Drawing on the experiences of how such bridging was attempted in the ten case studies, this chapter shares insights into what are the keys to the art of bridging. In doing so, it also makes evident several layers of institutional and policy challenges that may need to be addressed for the practice of bridging to be effective.
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The objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of fiber bridging on intralaminar and interlaminar fracture toughness under mode II loading in unidirectional CFRP laminates. We used X-ray CT apparatus to capture the 3 dimensional computer graphics (3DCG) of bridging fibers in specimens. By using 3DCG, the bridging process was revealed. Furthermore, we classified bridging fibers into four patterns and counted the number of these fibers from 3DCG. The number of bridging fibers of intralaminar fracture is more than that of interlaminar fracture. Moreover, the density of bridging fibers in the region 5mm behind damage region tip is same as that in the region 10mm behind. The number of bridging fibers under mode II loading is less than that under mode I loading by comparing with the results of our previous study. The characteristic behavior of fiber bridging agrees with the result of fracture toughness test.
Mixed mode
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This paper presents an approach to develop and manage a self-organizing distributed components based system in dynamically changing environments. In the proposed approach, an application is composed of a federation of distributed, autonomous and diverse mobile agents. Each mobile agent is implemented as dynamically associated bio-inspired modular components, that can migrate and reconfigure by themselves while the application is being executed. Association between modular components can be changed and transformed according to agents' local migration schemes including deployment based on biological processes. This paper presents a an adaptive architecture, which can reorganize and reconfigure agents after several biological concepts and mechanisms. We describe several key features of the modular components, depict the design and implementation methodologies of the modular component-based self-organizable framework, and demonstrate how the framework satisfies a set of functional requirements derived from the features of our agents. We also present some simulation results to examine scalability and efficiency of the framework.
Control reconfiguration
Component (thermodynamics)
Mobile agent
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The large numbers of bridging faults in a circuit resulted in several approaches to the selection of a subset of faults as targets for test generation. These approaches do not guarantee that all the bridging faults (or even that all the bridging faults that are likely to occur) will be detected. We investigate a different approach to the selection of target bridging faults. The approach is based on the introduction of dummy bridging faults, which are not physical faults but whose tests detect large numbers of physical faults. We apply this approach to four-way bridging faults. When no approximations are made, the proposed approach selects a subset of faults such that if they are detected, all the four-way bridging faults are guaranteed to be detected. We also investigate approximations and a test generation approach for the selected faults.
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Fiber pull-out
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In the paper we investigate whether the function-independent test set for detecting single stuck-at faults in networks realising Reed-Muller canonic (RMC) expansions of switching functions is sufficient to detect all bridging faults in such networks. The investigation, however, reveals its insufficiency, and to circumvent this we propose a technique of augmenting the network with some additional observation points, so that a universal test set can be designed for detecting bridging faults as well.
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