Strategies to Increase HIV Testing Among MSM: A Synthesis of the Literature
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Health psychology
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Although obesity has been shown to contribute to certain types of health problems, antifat stigma is also a threat to health. Antifat stigma adds both psychological and physiologic stress to people who are considered excessively fat, which some experts argue partially accounts for health disparities
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Objectives: To understand the stigma and discrimination experienced by men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, and to evaluate their impact on effective HIV prevention. Methods: Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews were conducted from June to September 2006. Results: Stigma and social pressure for MSM were reported to mainly arise from their families to get married and have children to protect family reputation and lineage. Few participants reported experiencing stigma and discrimination from friends, colleagues, or general society. Nevertheless, fear of being ostracized because of their sexual orientation was frequently expressed, and was a major barrier for participating in HIV/AIDS prevention programs. Fear of stigma and discrimination related to HIV infection from inside the MSM community was also identified as a major reason for MSM reluctance to seek HIV testing and treatment. Conclusions: Stigma and discrimination related to homosexual activities and HIV/sexually transmitted disease infection have been major barriers for MSM seeking health services. HIV/AIDS programs must be sensitive to issues of stigma both from outside and inside the MSM community.
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HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination together have long been recognized as one of the main obstacles in the prevention, care, and treatment of HIV and AIDS. Yet, little has been done on a large scale to combat them. Stigma still precludes many in need of treatment and care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). The purpose of this study was to assess the social stigma among PLHIV and the factors influencing it.This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among four hundred PLHIV attending the antiretroviral therapy (ART) center of a tertiary care institute of Haryana, India, using a semi-structured questionnaire and Berger Stigma Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 software to explore the relationship between a dependent (social stigma score) and other independent variables.The overall mean stigma score in our study was found to be 110.96 ± 17.05. The stigma score in the male PLHIV was higher than in females. Male gender, younger age group (18-25 years), nuclear family, and rural residents PLHIV experienced more stigma as showed by the logistic regression analysis.Stigma and discrimination are a continuous deterrent for program implementation or successful outcomes. Education, behavior change strategies, and building supportive environments to the targeted population (young, single, and rural residents) can provide a roadmap in ending stigma and discrimination.
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COVID-19 infection has been recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Efforts to prevent the spread of the disease are threatened by the appearance of disease-associated social stigma in society. In Egypt, a small wave of stigma directed at different groups started to appear. Here we report the features of COVID-19 associated stigma in Egypt and suggest recommendations to overcome this stigma before it grows and have physical and psychological impacts on the society.
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People with HIV AIDS (PLWHA) often experience stigma, the stigma that occurs among them is verbalstatement and the act of keeping PLWHA away from social activities, stigma can disrupt the social roleof PLWHA. Stigma can come from anyone including health workers. PLWHA need actions to eliminatethe stigma that occurs,so that PLWHA can live as other individuals without getting stigma. The purposeof the review literature is to identify the forms and sources of stigma that occur in PLWHA and effortsto eliminate stigma against PLWHA. The author finds journals that are relevant to the problem by usingstigma keywords, health workers, HIV AIDS, and people with HIV AIDS. Journals were obtained fromthe Science Direct, Proquest, SagePub, and Scopus databases with 54 journals and 14 journals fulfillingthe criteria for analysis.Journal analysis states that various efforts have been made to solve the problem ofstigma against PLWHA, this effort includes the entry of HIV into health care work programs, the sourceof stigma from health workers requires special attention, because health workers should be promotersto eliminate stigma,necessary increasing the knowledge and expertise of health workers in handling andtreating PLWHA. So that officers can become promoters in eliminating stigma against PLWHA
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Epilepsy is associated with stigma and negatively impacts the lives of people living with epilepsy (PLWE) and their immediate families. More understanding of the stigma and discrimination experienced by PLWE in sub-Saharan Africa is needed.In a cross-sectional, mixed methods study, forty- eight PLWE who met the study inclusion criteria were enrolled. In depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted and were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was conducted using a thematic, constant comparative approach with an emphasis on dominant themes. Perceived stigma was measured using the Kilifi epilepsy stigma score. Associations between socio-demographic factors and Kilifi epilepsy stigma score were assessed.The median age of the study participants was 25 years, with median age (IQR) of epilepsy onset of 12 (6-18) years. The prevalence of high-perceived stigma was 31.9% (15/48). Seizure frequency was associated with high levels of perceived stigma (p-value of 0.038). Psychological abuse, rejections at home, places of employment and schools, poor relationships and intimacy and unmet engagements in social activities were cited as the perceived stigmatizing aspects among PLWE.In this Ugandan sample perceived stigma remains unacceptably high and interventions to address it are urgently needed in our settings.
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To study the prevalence of HIV-related stigma and the effect of stigma on HIV treatment adoption among PLWHA attending HIV treatment locations in some selected states in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted (using structured questionnaires) among PLWHA in three selected states in the North-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria and Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to determine factors associated with HIV-related stigma and adoption of HIV treatment. It was found that 71(21.3%), 88(26.3%) and 43(12.8%) of the participants were facing HIV-related stigma from their place of works, the public and their family members. Also, the results of the logistic regressions show that PLWHA who have no formal education and those with primary education were less likely to face stigma from the public (OR-0.212; 95% CI-0.064–0.702; p < 0.05) and their employers (OR-0.236; 95% CI-0.072–0.775; p < 0.05) respectively. Although majority of the participants claimed not to be facing any form of HIV-related stigma, the prevalence of HIV-related stigma observed (job related stigma – 21.3%, stigma from the public – 26.3% and stigma from family members-12.8%) among the participants in this study still calls for concern.
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A diagnosis of dementia profoundly impacts a person in terms of both the functional progression of the disease and the social stigma associated with the diagnosis. A growing body of research demonstrates the effectiveness of innovative programs such as the Alzheimer's Poetry Project
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