High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to probe the involvement of the primary somatosensory cortex in nociception
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Somatosensory evoked potential
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) has been established as a noninvasive tool for modulation of
cortical function. It involves the passing of a weak direct electrical current through the cerebral cortex using
electrodes placed upon the scalp. TDCS decreases cortical excitability with cathodal or increases excitability with
anodal currents. There are few past reports of TDCS to treat psychiatric disorders. However, stimulation with
different parameters in different groups of patients needs additional studies. The aim of this review is to discuss
the potential mechanisms of action and use of TDCS.
Key words: transcranial direct current stimulation, neuromodulation, effect, treatment
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
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Purposeful manipulation of cortical plasticity and excitability within somatosensory regions may have therapeutic potential. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct curren
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Low-intensity transcranial current stimulation is a rapidly growing field of research.Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is the dominant paradigm of this new field, with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) just emerging.Anodal stimulation with tDCS has excitatory effects on the underlying cortex, whereas cathodal stimulation has inhibitory effects.Because both electrodes have significant brain effects when placed at cephalic areas, the term ''reference'' electrode should be avoided.Most studies have applied tDCS to the motor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the occipital cortex.Applications of tDCS include modulation of electrophysiological and hemodynamic brain activity, symptom reduction in neurological and psychiatric pathology, and cognitive improvement in healthy volunteers or clinical populations.There is evidence of motor improvement in patients with stroke, pain reduction in fibromyalgia, improved mood in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, and reduced craving.Healthy volunteers are shown to improve their verbal fluency, working memory, and implicit learning.Moreover, there are interactions of tDCS with various pharmacological substances.There are no significant side effects, apart from minor skin lesions when tap water is used instead of saline solution in the sponge electrodes.Further research is required to reveal the potential of tACS.
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