Effects on health, performance, and tissue residues of the ionophore antibiotic salinomycin in finishing broilers (21 to 38 d)
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Abstract:
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding salinomycin at the recommended prophylactic level, and at 2 and 3 times this level, to finishing male broilers (d 21 to 38). Four treatment groups were given the experimental diets containing 0, 60, 120, or 180 parts per million (ppm) salinomycin from d 21 to 38. Performance, relative organ weights, selected serum enzymes, and salinomycin residues in liver, muscle, and serum were determined. Salinomycin supplementation had no effect on body weight, feed intake, or feed conversion, and caused no overt signs of toxicity. After a week of being fed the salinomycin diets, the serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased in chickens fed 180 ppm compared with controls. These birds also showed microscopic lesions in breast and thigh muscles, but not in cardiac muscle. Salinomycin residues were not detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in liver or muscle samples from the birds fed 0, 60, or 120 ppm salinomycin. However, chickens fed 180 ppm salinomycin had detectable levels in liver and muscle above the maximum residue level of 5 μg/kg established by the European Union. All birds fed salinomycin had salinomycin in their sera with levels ranging from N.D. (not detected) in the controls to 24.4 ± 7.9, 61.4 ± 18.9, and 94.5 ± 9.1 μg/L for salinomycin dietary levels of 60, 120, and 180 ppm, respectively. Serum salinomycin concentration was linearly related with salinomycin content in feed (y = 0.584x - 10, r2 = 0.999). The results showed that even at 3 times the prophylactic level, salinomycin does not induce clinical toxicosis or mortality. No salinomycin residues were found in edible tissues at the recommended dietary level or at 2 times this level. However, salinomycin was detected in serum regardless of the dietary level. A simple method for salinomycin determination in serum is described which can be used as a marker of exposure and/or to predict levels in the diet.Keywords:
Salinomycin
Monensin
The effects of salinomycin (20 mg kg-1 feed), monensin (33 mg kg-1 feed) and a daily rotation of these ionophores, on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were investigated in 60 steers (273 kg) over an 84-day feedlot period. Individual feed intakes and weight gains were recorded. The data were fitted to linear regressions with individual animals as replicates, from which ADGs, ADFIs and FCEs were calculated. Means of parameters of the control, salinomycin, monensin and rotation treatments were respectively ADG (kg): 1.56, 1.74, 1.58 and 1.66; FCE (kg DM/kg): 5.83, 5.43, 5.53 and 5.38; ADFI (kg): 9.10, 9.43, 8.83 and 8.90; final weight (kg): 402, 419, 407 and 413. Salinomycin showed the greatest improvement in gain, whereas monensin did not affect gain and tended to decrease feed intake. The rotation programme did not result in added benefits above those that could be obtained with a single ionophore (salinomycin), although feed efficiency tended to increase.
Monensin
Salinomycin
Feedlot
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Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of including virginiamycin or bacitracin in diets containing monensin or monensin plus virginiamycin and bacitracin on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Seventy-two young bulls, with an initial average body of 417 ± 38.7kg were allotted in a completely randomized design. The bulls were placed in 18 pens (four animals per pen), with three treatments and six experimental replicates. The diets consisted of 85% concentrate and 15% of corn silage, with 11.4% CP, 75.7% TDN and 18.4% NDF. The treatments were: MON, 25 ppm of monensin in the diet; MONB: monensin plus 8.75 ppm of zinc bacitracin; and MONVM monensin plus 25 ppm of virginiamycin. Feedlot had 109d, with 27d of adaptation and 82d of experimental period. Performance was measured by daily intake records and weighing at the beginning and end of the feedlot. After feedlot, animals were slaughtered to measure carcass traits. Serum D-lactate was collected on day 7 and 43 of the experimental period. There was no significant effect of the additives on performance and most of the carcass traits (Table 1). However, young bulls receiving MONVM tended to have greater LM area. On the other hand, MON diet tended to increase marbling. Finally, there was a tendency for treatment x time interaction (P < 0.08) in the serum concentration of D-lactate. Bulls receiving MON had greater concentration on day 7 (109.5 µmol.µL-1), compared to other groups (66.7 and 89.9 µmol.µL-1 for MONB and MONVM, respectively). There was no effect of additives in the D-lactate content on day 43, being the treatments average 83.5 µmol.µL-1. In conclusion, the use of monensin and their association with virginiamycin or bacitracin did not affect performance but tend to influence carcass traits and serum D-lactate. Funded by Agroceres, Fapemig, CAPES, and CNPq.
Monensin
Feedlot
Virginiamycin
Salinomycin
Marbled meat
Silage
Beef Cattle
Bacitracin
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Feeding behavior and growth performance of cattle fed diets containing monensin or salinomycin were assessed in two trials. In trial 1, 36 Hereford × Angus steers (267.7 ± 4.3 kg) were individually fed (n = 12) wheat-based transition and finishing diets containing no ionophore (control, C), 26 mg monensin (M) or 13 mg salinomycin (S) per kg of dietary dry matter (DM). Cattle fed M consumed less than those fed C or S, and their intake was more stable during the transition to the finishing diet. Overall, steers fed M exhibited lower dry matter intake (DMI) (8.0 vs. 9.2 and 9.2 kg d –1 ) and rates of gain (1.21 vs. 1.62 and 1.56 kg d –1 ) than those fed C or S. Cattle fed S required fewer days (93.3) to reach the targeted finish (5 mm backfat) than those fed C or M (105.8 d). Monensin reduced slaughter weight and carcass weights, relative to controls (414.3 vs. 480.5 kg, and 231.2 vs. 245.8 kg, respectively). In trial 2, M (25 ppm) or S (13 ppm) were included in barley-based diets for 72 yearling steers placed in four pens equipped with radio frequency identification systems. Individual bunk attendance patterns were monitored during transition to a finishing diet, during 11 d of limit feeding the finishing diet twice daily (LF2/d), 13 d of limit feeding once daily (LF1/d), and 21 d of feeding once daily to ad libitum intake (AL1/d). Ionophore type did not affect (P > 0.10) DMI, rate of gain or efficiency of feed conversion. Bunk visits were more frequent (P < 0.05) with M than with S during transition and limit-feeding. With M, total daily attendance (TDA) at the bunk during LF1/d and AL1/d, was higher (P < 0.05) than with S, and variability in TDA was lower (P < 0.05) during LF1/d. In the present study, there was no performance advantage in providing S or M in wheat-based finishing diets. Monensin moderated feeding intensity, but this effect may have been strong enough to suppress intake and even reduce gain on the wheat-based diet. Key words: Ionophores, feeding behavior, feedlot cattle, salinomycin, monensin
Monensin
Salinomycin
Beef Cattle
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The effects of 25 ppm semduramicin, 66 ppm salinomycin, 110 ppm monensin, and unmedicated treatments on performance, shank pigmentation, and coccidial lesion scores in broiler chickens were evaluated in two floorpen trials in the United States. On day 24 of each test, birds in each treatment were inoculated via the feed with a mixture of recent field isolates of Eimeria spp. at a dose rate calculated to provide 2 x 10(5) E. acervulina, 3 x 10(4) E. maxima, and 2 x 10(4) E. tenella sporulated oocysts per bird. Weight gain and feed conversion were significantly (P < or = 0.05) improved in the semduramicin-treated broilers in comparison with the monensin-treated and unmedicated broilers. These performance variables for the salinomycin-treated birds were intermediate between the semduramicin- and monensin-treated birds. Shank pigmentation scores were significantly (P < or = 0.05) improved in the three anticoccidial treatments compared with unmedicated birds, with the highest scores (P < or = 0.05) occurring in the semduramicin-treated broilers. Semduramicin was more efficacious (P < or = 0.05) than salinomycin in controlling upper intestinal lesions and more efficacious than monensin in controlling mid-intestinal lesions. All three drugs were comparable in controlling lesions in the ceca.
Salinomycin
Monensin
Eimeria maxima
Eimeria acervulina
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Two experiments, each consisting of duplicate battery trials, were conducted utilizing day-old broiler chicks for a 21-d experimental period to study the effects of maximum or intermediate levels of several coccidiostats on water consumption and other performance variables. Drug levels given in Experiment 1 were: halofuginone, 2.97 mg/kg; amprolium and ethopabate, .025%; salinomycin, 66 mg/kg; monensin, 121 mg/kg; and lasalocid, 124 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, levels were: amprolium and ethopabate, .02%; salinomycin, 55 mg/kg; monensin, 99 mg/kg; and lasalocid, 110 mg/kg. Both experiments employed unmedicated control groups. Average final body weights, daily feed intake, and feed:body weight were not affected by treatment in either experiment. In Experiment 1, daily water consumption of birds receiving 124 mg/kg lasalocid was elevated significantly (P < .05) over consumption of control birds and those that received halofuginone. Water consumption to body weight and feed ratios were significantly greater for birds fed lasalocid than for any group other than those receiving amprolium. In Experiment 2, daily water intake of groups receiving 110 mg/kg lasalocid was significantly elevated over that of other coccidiostats and controls. This relationship was also present in calculations of water:body weight and water:feed ratios.
Lasalocid
Salinomycin
Coccidiostats
Monensin
Water consumption
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Polyether ionophores, monensin, and salinomycin are commonly used as antiparasitic drugs in broiler production and may be present in broiler litter (bird excreta plus bedding material). Long-term application of broiler litter to pastures may lead to ionophore contamination of surface waters. Because polyether ionophores break down at low pH, we hypothesized that decreasing litter pH with an acidic material such as aluminum sulfate (alum) would reduce ionophore losses to runoff (i.e., monensin and salinomycin concentrations, loads, or amounts lost). We quantified ionophore loss to runoff in response to (i) addition of alum to broiler litter and (ii) length of time between litter application and the first simulated rainfall event. The factorial experiment consisted of unamended (∼pH 9) vs. alum-amended litters (∼pH 6), each combined with simulated rainfall at 0, 2, or 4 wk after litter application. Runoff from alum-amended broiler litter had 33% lower monensin concentration ( < 0.01), 57% lower monensin load ( < 0.01), 48% lower salinomycin concentration ( < 0.01), and 66% lower salinomycin load ( < 0.01) than runoff from unamended broiler litter when averaged across all events of rainfall. Ionophore losses to runoff were also less when rainfall was delayed for 2 or 4 wk after litter application relative to applying rainfall immediately after litter application. While the weather is difficult to predict, our data suggest that ionophore losses in runoff can be reduced if broiler litter applications are made to maximize dry time after application.
Monensin
Alum
Salinomycin
Litter
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The use of ionophores as antiparasitic drugs plays an important role in US poultry production, especially in the broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) industry. However, administered ionophores can pass through the bird's digestive system and appear in broiler litter, which, when applied to agricultural fields, can present an environmental hazard. Stacking (storing or stockpiling) broiler litter for some time might decrease the litter ionophore concentrations before land application. Because ionophores undergo abiotic hydrolysis at low pH, decreasing litter pH with acidic aluminum sulfate (alum) might also decrease ionophore concentrations. We assessed the change in ionophore concentrations in broiler litter in response to the length of time broiler litter was stored (stacking time) and alum addition. We spiked broiler litter with monensin and salinomycin, placed alum-amended litter (∼pH 4–5) and unamended litter (∼pH 8–9) into 1.8-m3 bins, and repeatedly sampled each bin for 112 d. Our findings showed that stacking broiler litter alone did not have an impact on monensin concentration, but it did slowly reduce salinomycin concentration by 55%. Adding alum to broiler litter reduced monensin concentration by approximately 20% relative to unamended litter, but it did not change salinomycin concentration. These results call for continued search for alternative strategies that could potentially reduce the concentration of ionophores in broiler litter before their application to agricultural soils. Core Ideas Ionophores are present in broiler litter and may contaminate surface waters. Stacking broiler litter for 112 d reduced salinomycin but not monensin concentrations. Alum decreased monensin but not salinomycin concentrations in broiler litter. Monensin could persist longer than salinomycin in stacked broiler litter.
Salinomycin
Monensin
Alum
Litter
Lasalocid
Poultry litter
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different rumen fermentation modifiers (ionophores) in feedlot finisher diets on the production performance of S.A. Mutton Merino lambs. Monensin (16.4 mg/kg), lasalocid (33.0 mg/kg) or salinomycin (17.5 mg/kg) was incorporated into a commercial high-protein (398 g CP/kg DM) concentrate. Treatment diets consisted of maize meal (650 g/kg), lucerne hay (150 g/kg) and a protein concentrate (200 g/kg; containing an ionophore or not) to supply isonitrogenous (177 g CP/kg DM) total mixed diets during the experimental period. Sixty lambs (29.7 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allocated to the treatment groups (n = 15/treatment) and each treatment was further subdivided into five replicates (n = 3/replicate). Individual body weight and average feed intake per replicate were recorded weekly and used to calculate the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain (ADG). Ionophore treatment had no effect on any of the feedlot performance parameters measured (feed intake: 1379, 1434, 1534 and 1559 g DM/day; ADG: 298, 314, 340 and 329 g/day; FCR: 4.66, 4.58, 4.51 and 4.74 g DM intake/kg live weight gained for the Control, Monensin, Lasalocid and Salinomycin treatments, respectively. The results suggest the efficiency of the different rumen fermentation modifiers to be similar and financial implications and/or animal preference would influence their usage in sheep diets.
Lasalocid
Monensin
Salinomycin
Feedlot
Clinoptilolite
Starter
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In broiler chickens, an extensive spread of ESBL-forming E.coli was observed in the first week on fattening farms. This rapid spread was not observed in grandparent animals. A difference between broilers and grandparent animals is that the broilers are given coccidiostatics as feed additives, while the grandparents are vaccinated against coccidiosis. This study was performed to investigate if coccidiostatics can influence the growth of ESBL-forming E.coli, isolated from Dutch broilers. The effects of three ionophore coccidiostatics (used as feed additives in broiler feed) on the growth of ESBL-forming E.coli were studied in vitro. Furthermore a growth experiment with whole broiler feed was performed to detect other substances in the feed that might affect the growth of ESBL-forming E.coli.
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined for salinomycin (concentration range 0,125 - 256 µg/ml), narasin (0,3125 - 64 µg/ml) and monensin (0,25 - 512 µg/ml). Six ESBL-positive strains and six ESBL-negative strains were tested. A growth experiment with a Bioscreen apparatus was performed with narasin and salinomycin for the same strains. Growth curves were made for each strain with concentrations of 1.25, 12.5 and 125 µg/ml salinomycin and 0.5, 5 and 50 µg/ml narasin (concentrations were chosen considering the concentrations of the substances in broiler feed). A growth experiment with 3 ESBL-positive and 3 ESBL-negative strains was performed with whole sterilised broiler feed suspended in the test medium.The results of determining the MICs of the tested strains for the ionophores showed that the growth of the tested ESBL-positive strains as well as the growth of ESBL-negative strains was unaffected by the presence of the coccidiostatics. For salinomycin and monensin, the MICs of all tested strains were >256 µg/ml and for narasin >64 µg/ml. The growth curves of the tested strains made with the Bioscreen showed no indication that salinomycin or narasin had a consistent inhibitory or stimulatory effect on the growth of the tested E.coli-strains. The inhibitory effects of salinomycin and narasin compared to the effects of the solvent ethanol were calculated, no trend in the effects on the growth of the tested strains was observed and there was no difference between the group ESBL-positive and ESBL-negative strains. The growth experiment with broiler feed showed no apparent effect of the broiler feed on the growth of the tested strains.
It can be concluded from this study that the coccidiostatics salinomycin, narasin and monensin have no consistent effect on the growth of ESBL-forming E.coli in vitro. The tests with broiler feed in the test medium did not indicate that other compounds of the broiler feed consistently affect the growth of ESBL-forming E.coli. However, the test with the broiler feed should be repeated to give more certainty about these observations.
Salinomycin
Monensin
Strain (injury)
Feed additive
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Salinomycin
Monensin
Lasalocid
Mode of Action
Eimeria acervulina
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